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MICHIGAN
TEST OBJECTIVES
FIELD 618: CHEMISTRY
Constructing and Reflecting on Scientific Knowledge
Properties of Matter
Energy, Chemical Bonds, and Chemical Reactions
Organic, Bio-, Nuclear, and Environmental Chemistry
CONSTRUCTING AND REFLECTING ON SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
Understand the history of modern chemistry.
Includes identifying important individuals and events in the history
of modern chemistry and recognizing the historical development
and significance of key scientific ideas and advances contributed
by individuals and cultures from different time periods.
Understand relationships among chemistry, technology, and society.
Includes analyzing the social and cultural contexts of chemistry,
evaluating the impact of chemistry and technology on society and
the impact of society on chemistry and technology, recognizing advantages
and risks of scientific and technological changes, and applying
chemical principles and knowledge in daily life.
Understand procedures and principles related to scientific research
and experimental design.
Includes identifying appropriate questions to ask in a given scientific
context; developing and testing solutions to problems through carefully
planned experimentation; identifying procedures and considerations
in setting up and conducting experiments and investigations; using
control and experimental groups to test hypotheses; recognizing
variables being held constant, those being manipulated, and those
responding; and analyzing the effectiveness of experimental designs
and techniques in various situations.
Apply knowledge of methods and equipment used in measurement to solve
problems.
Includes selecting and using measurement devices (e.g., balances,
thermometers, graduated cylinders, pH meters), recognizing the advantages
and disadvantages of measurement devices in given laboratory situations,
and solving numerical problems involving measurements.
Apply procedures for gathering, organizing, interpreting, evaluating,
and communicating data.
Includes systematically observing phenomena; gathering information
from a variety of sources (e.g., textbooks, laboratory manuals
and experiments, handbooks, journals, newspapers, Internet); organizing
data gathered through observation and experimentation; appropriately
applying significant figures in reporting and using data; communicating
and interpreting data presented in a variety of formats (e.g., graphs,
flowcharts, tables, step-by-step directions, reports); and making
predictions and drawing conclusions based on data.
Apply procedures for the safe, proper, and legal use of tools, equipment,
and materials (including chemicals) related to laboratory investigations.
Includes identifying practices and requirements related to the
proper use and storage of equipment and chemicals, applying procedures
for preventing accidents and dealing with emergencies in the chemistry
laboratory, locating sources of information about hazardous materials,
interpreting information regarding hazardous properties and the
safe disposal of chemicals, and applying laboratory safety practices
required by Michigan law.
Analyze the nature of scientific thought and inquiry.
Includes recognizing the reliance of scientific investigation
on empirical data, ethical practices, verifiable evidence, valid
reasoning, and logical arguments; understanding the importance
of avoiding bias; and
evaluating the scientific merits of claims and arguments.
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Identify chemical and physical properties of matter.
Includes distinguishing between chemical and physical properties
of matter; differentiating among elements, compounds, and mixtures;
using the physical and chemical properties of an unknown substance
to identify it; and using laboratory methods for determining the
properties of substances.
Understand quantum theory and atomic structure.
Includes understanding the atomic nature of matter; comparing
various historic atomic models and their characteristics; knowing
the experimental basis of the modern concept of the atom; identifying
characteristics of the proton, neutron, electron, and nucleus (e.g.,
charge, mass, location); and predicting the electron configurations
of elements.
Understand the organization of the periodic table of the elements.
Includes recognizing trends and characteristic chemical and physical
properties of families of elements in the periodic table and relating
these properties to their electron configurations, and using the
periodic table to predict chemical and physical properties of elements
based on their positions within the table.
Understand chemical notation and nomenclature.
Includes interpreting symbols and chemical notation for common
elements, isotopes, ions, molecules, and compounds; and applying
basic IUPAC rules of nomenclature to name ionic and molecular inorganic
compounds.
Understand the mole concept and its relationship to chemical formulas.
Includes knowing the definition of a mole,
using the mole concept for solving problems dealing with Avogadro’s
number and problems involving molar mass and percentage composition,
and using and
interpreting molecular and empirical formulas.
Apply knowledge of the kinetic molecular
theory to the states of matter and to the gas laws.
Includes identifying components of the kinetic
molecular theory; using the kinetic theory to describe and explain
characteristics
of the states of matter, including changes of state; analyzing warming
curves, cooling curves, and vapor pressure curves; recognizing and
explaining the interrelationships among pressure, temperature,
and volume of a gas or a mixture of gases; and setting up and solving
problems involving gas law relationships.
ENERGY, CHEMICAL BONDS, AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Understand how to balance chemical equations.
Includes balancing chemical equations by inspection or by systematic
methods (e.g., in redox chemistry); and generating a net ionic
equation from a chemical reaction, such as in acid-base chemistry
and precipitation chemistry.
Solve stoichiometry problems.
Includes applying the law of conservation of mass to solve mass-mass,
mass-mole, mass-volume, and volume-volume problems and problems involving
solution chemistry; solving problems involving limiting reagents;
and solving problems involving percent yield.
Understand energy and energy changes in chemical processes.
Includes recognizing the nature of energy
and changes in kinetic and potential energy in chemical processes;
explaining energy transfer
in terms of atoms and molecules; applying the principle of conservation
of energy and the laws of thermodynamics in given situations; calculating
the enthalpy of reactions by various methods (e.g., from bond energies,
Hess’s law); predicting the spontaneity of reactions based
on free energy changes (i.e., enthalpy, entropy) and temperature;
analyzing
exothermic and endothermic reactions; and solving problems involving
calorimetry experiments.
Understand types and characteristics of molecular structure.
Includes identifying characteristics of covalent and polar covalent
bonds, describing the behavior of electrons in chemical bonds,
recognizing factors that affect bond strength, predicting the physical
and chemical properties of substances based on the characteristics
of their bonds, and writing proper Lewis structures for and predicting
the geometry and polarity of simple molecular substances and the
geometry of polyatomic ions (e.g., nitrate, sulfate).
Understand the nature of solids.
Includes distinguishing the four types of crystalline solids (i.e.,
ionic, metallic, covalent, covalent network solids), relating the
structure of a crystalline solid to its physical properties (e.g.,
melting point, electrical and heat conductivity, hardness, solubility),
and identifying examples of amorphous solids.
Apply knowledge of ions, solutions, and solubility to explain the
formation and properties of homogeneous mixtures.
Includes analyzing the colligative properties of solutions; recognizing
factors that affect solubility, including intermolecular forces
(e.g., hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces); solving problems
involving molarity, percent concentration, and dilution; analyzing
the process of dissociation in solution; identifying properties of
strong and weak electrolyte solutions; and applying solubility rules
of inorganic salts to predict the occurrence of precipitation reactions.
Understand chemical equilibrium and factors that affect reaction rates.
Includes analyzing the effects of concentration,
pressure, temperature, and catalysts on chemical equilibrium;
applying Le Chatelier’s
principle to chemical systems; solving problems involving equilibrium
constants and problems involving solubility product constants
of slightly soluble salts; analyzing everyday phenomena in terms
of chemical equilibrium; recognizing how temperature, concentrations,
and catalysts affect reaction rates; analyzing potential energy versus
reaction coordinate diagrams; identifying first order and second
order reactions from the rate law for a reaction; and determining
the rate law of a reaction from experimental data.
Understand acid-base reactions.
Includes analyzing acids and bases according
to acid-base theories (i.e., Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry,
Lewis); interpreting the behavior of common substances in terms
of acid-base reactions;
analyzing the results of acid-base titration experiments, including
the use of acid-base indicators; identifying applications of acid-base
chemistry; distinguishing between strong and weak acids and bases;
knowing the composition and function of buffer solutions; and calculating
the hydronium ion concentration or pH of a given solution.
Understand oxidation-reduction reactions.
Includes interpreting the behavior of common substances in terms
of oxidation-reduction reactions; determining the change in oxidation
number of chemical species involved in redox reactions; analyzing
the feasibility of given reactions based on electrode potentials;
identifying applications of oxidation-reduction chemistry (e.g.,
batteries, electroplating); and analyzing the components (e.g., cathodes,
anodes, electrolytes), operating principles, and potentials of voltaic
and electrolytic cells.
ORGANIC, BIO-, NUCLEAR, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
Understand organic compounds, their structures, their reactions, and
their importance.
Includes identifying the main families of organic compounds by
means of their functional groups; using IUPAC rules to name simple
organic compounds; analyzing the stereochemistry of organic compounds,
including chirality; recognizing and classifying common organic
reactions; and recognizing important social applications of organic
chemistry (e.g., plastics, fuels, medicines, household products,
agricultural chemicals).
Understand biochemical compounds and their functions.
Includes recognizing the structures of lipids, carbohydrates,
proteins, and nucleic acids in terms of their building blocks (i.e.,
fatty acids,
sugars, amino acids, nucleotides); analyzing their synthesis and
hydrolysis; and identifying their primary functions in living systems.
Understand the basic principles of radioactivity and nuclear reactions
and applications of nuclear chemistry.
Includes identifying the processes of radioactive decay, identifying
types and characteristics of radioactive decay particles, analyzing
decay sequences by balancing nuclear reactions, solving problems
involving half-lives, analyzing the uses of radioactivity in modern
society (e.g., radioisotopes in medicine and geological and archaeological
dating, nuclear power generation), comparing principles of nuclear
fission and fusion, and identifying the risks and benefits associated
with the use of radioactivity and nuclear power.
Understand the application of chemistry to environmental concerns.
Includes analyzing the main natural cycles
by which chemicals are regulated in the environment; analyzing
the processes by which
manmade chemicals affect the atmosphere, aquatic environments,
ground water, and terrestrial environments; identifying sources of
common pollutants (e.g., household trash, combustion products, nuclear
waste); evaluating methods for reducing the production of pollutants
and the release of pollutants into the environment; analyzing methods
for reducing the effects of pollutants on the environment; and identifying
the risks and benefits associated with human activities that produce
environmental pollutants.
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