MICHIGAN
TEST OBJECTIVES
FIELD 644: PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Physical Development and Motor Learning
Health-Related Physical Fitness
Movement and Sport Activities
Cognitive, Social, and Personal Development
Professional Knowledge and the Physical Education Program

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AND MOTOR LEARNING

Understand components and functions of the major body systems.

Includes the general organization of the skeletal, muscular, circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems; components, functions, actions, and common disorders of the systems; and physiological processes involving the systems.

Understand physical growth and development.

Includes phases and characteristics of physical development during infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood; developmental issues during the phases of human growth; and factors that influence physical growth and development.

Understand sequences and characteristics of motor development.

Includes sequences and characteristics of motor skill development during infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood; the relationship of motor development to physical, cognitive, psychosocial, and emotional development; and factors that influence motor development and performance.

Understand principles of perceptual-motor development.

Includes visual, auditory, tactile, and kinesthetic discriminations and their relationship to motor development and performance; and perceptual-motor development activities, materials, and equipment that are appropriate for various developmental levels.

Understand principles of motor learning.

Includes theories and models of motor learning; principles of practice, retention, readiness, feedback, observational learning, and transfer of learning as they relate to motor skill acquisition; methods for promoting recognition and use of similar movement concepts and elements in a variety of skills; techniques for detecting errors in motor performance and providing cues and corrective feedback; and techniques for modifying sports and games to promote the use of combinations of motor skills.

HEALTH-RELATED PHYSICAL FITNESS

Understand components of physical fitness and principles of training.

Includes basic components of physical fitness (e.g., strength, endurance, flexibility) and principles of training (e.g., overload, specificity); aerobic versus anaerobic conditioning; short- and long-term effects of physical activity on the cardiorespiratory, muscular, skeletal, neural, and endocrine systems; the interaction of these systems in producing movement; energy systems used during exercise; factors that affect physical fitness and performance (e.g., substance abuse, nutrition); and potential health risks and injury prevention techniques associated with exercise and training (e.g., using warm-up and cool-down exercises).

Apply knowledge of principles and activities for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory endurance.

Includes principles and activities for developing aerobic endurance, techniques for assessing and monitoring heart rate and endurance levels, and appropriate aerobic activities for various developmental levels and purposes (e.g., walking, running, cycling, step aerobics).

Apply knowledge of principles and activities for developing and maintaining muscular strength and endurance.

Includes principles and activities for developing strength and endurance in various muscle groups; principles, safety practices, and equipment for progressive resistance exercise (e.g., weight training, circuit training); techniques for assessing muscular strength and endurance; and appropriate activities for various developmental levels and purposes (e.g., body support activities, rope jumping, calisthenics).

Apply knowledge of principles and activities for developing and maintaining flexibility.

Includes principles and activities for developing flexibility in the major joints of the body, techniques for assessing flexibility, and appropriate activities for various developmental levels and purposes (e.g., bending, stretching, twisting).

Apply knowledge of principles and activities for developing and maintaining levels of body composition that promote good health.

Includes principles of nutrition and weight control; the relationship between physical activity and body composition; ways in which nutrition and eating habits may affect physical development and health; the relationship between body type and body composition; techniques for assessing body composition; and appropriate activities for developing and maintaining levels of body composition that promote good health.

MOVEMENT AND SPORT ACTIVITIES

Apply principles of biomechanics to movement activities.

Includes principles related to motion, stability and balance, force projection and absorption, buoyancy, rotation, speed, acceleration, and other biomechanical concepts; and the application of these principles to various movement activities.

Understand principles and activities for developing locomotor, nonlocomotor, and body control skills.

Includes types and characteristics of locomotor, nonlocomotor, and body control skills (e.g., running, jumping, balancing, lifting, pushing, pulling, falling-landing-rolling); techniques for assessing these skills; appropriate activities for various developmental levels; and the integration of these skills in various combinations and activities (e.g., jump and twist, balance at different levels).

Understand principles and activities for developing object control skills.

Includes throwing, catching, dribbling, kicking, and striking skills; combinations of object control skills (e.g., catch and throw); techniques for assessing these skills; the integration of locomotor, nonlocomotor, and object control skills (e.g., run and catch, pivot and throw); and appropriate activities for various developmental levels.

Understand principles and activities for developing rhythmic and dance skills.

Includes basic elements of rhythm; appropriate activities for rhythmic skill development; techniques for assessing these skills; the integration of rhythmic skills with locomotor, nonlocomotor, body control, and object control skills; and techniques, sequences, and skills for various forms of dance (e.g., folk, social, line, creative).

Apply knowledge of techniques, skills, organizational strategies, and safety practices for tumbling and gymnastics.

Includes skills, activities, skill progression, organizational strategies, safety practices, and proper use of equipment for tumbling and gymnastics; techniques for assessing tumbling and gymnastic skills; and appropriate activities for various developmental levels and purposes.

Apply knowledge of techniques, skills, organizational strategies, and safety practices for aquatics.

Includes techniques, skill progression, safety practices, organizational strategies, emergency pool procedures, and proper use of equipment; techniques for assessing aquatic skills; and activities appropriate for various developmental levels and purposes (e.g., learn-to-swim programs, diving, water fitness, water polo).

Apply knowledge of techniques, skills, strategies, rules, etiquette, and safety practices for individual and dual sports, recreational activities, and outdoor pursuits.

Includes techniques, skill progression, strategies, rules, etiquette, safety practices, and types and uses of equipment for individual and dual sports (e.g., bowling, racquet sports, combative sports), recreational activities, and outdoor pursuits (e.g., walking, cycling, skiing); techniques for assessing skills in these activities; and activities appropriate for various developmental levels and purposes.

Apply knowledge of techniques, skills, strategies, rules, etiquette, and safety practices for team sports.

Includes techniques, skill progression, strategies, rules, etiquette, safety practices, equipment, and types of lead-up activities for team sports (e.g., volleyball, team handball, football, floor hockey, track and field); techniques for assessing skills in these sports; and activities appropriate for various developmental levels and purposes.

COGNITIVE, SOCIAL, AND PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT

Understand cognitive, social, and personal development in relation to physical education.

Includes characteristics of cognitive, psychosocial, and emotional development during childhood and adolescence; the influence of peers and others in determining social attitudes and behaviors; the influence of expectations related to gender, physical appearance, and skill level on the development of self-image; causes and effects of anxiety related to performance; stress management principles and strategies; and the relationship between physical activity and the development of personal identity and psychological well-being.

Understand fundamental movement concepts and skills.

Includes concepts of time, space, direction, speed, and force; techniques for promoting students’ application of these movement concepts through exploration of shapes, levels, and pathways; body awareness; and activities that are appropriate for various purposes and developmental levels.

Analyze the role of physical education in the development of critical-thinking and evaluation skills.

Includes techniques and activities for developing higher-order thinking, decision-making, self-assessment, goal-setting, and monitoring skills in relation to physical activity and health-related lifestyle decisions; and techniques and activities to promote critical evaluation of claims and advertisements about commercial products (e.g., ergogenic aids, fitness and weight-control products and programs).

Analyze the role of physical education in the development of positive personal and social behaviors and traits.

Includes the role of physical education in fostering enjoyment of aesthetic and creative aspects of skilled performance and in respecting the physical and performance limitations of self and others; potential social-cultural benefits of participation in physical activity (e.g., advantages of diverse talent to team membership, awareness of how different cultures view the worth of various physical activities); ways in which physical education activities can promote positive personal behaviors and traits (e.g., confidence, honesty, self-discipline, perseverance); and ways in which physical education activities can promote positive social behaviors and traits (e.g., sportsmanship, teamwork, leadership, respect for diversity, responsibility).

PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION PROGRAM

Understand the history and philosophies of physical education.

Includes significant events in the historical development of physical education; past and present philosophies of physical education and their effects on the goals, scope, and practices of physical education programs; current issues and trends that affect the field; and contributions of noteworthy physical educators.

Understand the structure, goals, and purposes of physical education programs.

Includes the structure, organization, goals, and purposes of physical education programs; ways to integrate physical education into the overall school curriculum; procedures and components of curriculum development; appropriate scope and sequence in the physical education curriculum; criteria and procedures for evaluating physical education programs; ways to adapt or modify physical education programs based on program evaluation results; and methods for communicating and maintaining positive relations with students, families, and community members.

Understand instructional strategies in physical education.

Includes physical education instructional methods and their characteristics; appropriate instructional methods and activities for various objectives, situations, and developmental levels; appropriate methods of instruction for students with special needs and students from diverse cultural or linguistic backgrounds; techniques for modifying rules, equipment, and settings to conform to the needs of students; and strategies for consulting and collaborating with teachers, special education personnel, administrators, and other school personnel.

Apply knowledge of physical education assessment methods and instruments.

Includes types, characteristics, advantages, and limitations of various assessment methods and instruments (e.g., observational checklists, performance assessments, portfolios, journals, peer assessments, standardized tests); sources of standards of physical fitness; techniques for selecting, constructing, adapting, and implementing formal and informal assessments; appropriate assessment methods for various objectives and situations; the use of technology for analysis of student fitness and performance; the development of exercise prescriptions based on assessment results; and appropriate interpretation and communication of assessment results.

Understand the management of physical education environments and programs.

Includes techniques for managing and organizing physical education classes and environments (e.g., classroom, gym, outdoor areas); benefits and limitations of various management and discipline practices; logistics related to the availability and use of facilities, supplies, equipment, staff, and other resources; financial issues related to physical education programs; care and maintenance procedures for facilities and equipment; and procedures for maintaining a safe physical education environment.

Apply principles and procedures of injury prevention and emergency first-aid assistance.

Includes types and characteristics of injuries common to physical activities; principles and techniques of injury care and prevention; purposes and procedures for CPR; first-aid procedures related to the control of bleeding, shock, and other emergency situations; and safety precautions in administering emergency care procedures.

Understand legal and ethical issues related to physical education programs.

Includes legal requirements and responsibilities associated with teaching physical education; issues related to lifeguarding and pool safety; issues related to supervision, safety, liability, and negligence; state and federal laws and guidelines regarding gender equity, special education, religious issues, and other aspects of students rights; and the application of ethical issues and guidelines in various physical education situations.