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Catalog Pages

The program of the Department of English is designed to meet the needs of the student who wishes to pursue the study of English language and literature or the student who wishes to develop special skills in the art of writing, either for their intrinsic worth or in preparation for a specific career. The major programs reflect these different objectives.

The department is, first, a department of literature. Literature presents, with beauty and power, perennial human situations and issues -- problems of identity, purpose, relationship, and meaning. It enables one imaginatively to enter and share the experiences of other persons: to feel what was felt by people in earlier eras, distant lands, entirely other patterns of life, and to juxtapose those feelings with one's own.

It is also a department of language: of the study of the English language and of language as used in writing. Understanding the history and nature of language is basic to effective verbal communication and to good verbal artistry. The courses in expository and creative writing begin with and build on a knowledge of language and lead to increased skill in using language effectively.

While the curriculum provides those who wish to teach or attend graduate school the specialized courses they need, it also seeks to meet the needs of students pursuing the broad aims of a liberal education. By helping develop students' abilities to read, to think, and to express themselves logically and coherently, it helps prepare them for careers in fields like government service, law, business, librarianship, and the ministry which emphasize such skills.

Students required to take a course in composition register for English 113; those needing a course or courses in literature as part of the general degree requirements register for English 231 and/or English 232; those considering a major or minor in English should take English 248 as early in their college careers as possible. English 113 or the equivalent is prerequisite to all other writing courses.

MAJORS:
The basic major is supplemented by elective courses within and outside the department to fit the individual student's interests and needs. See "Guidelines"" below, and inquire at the English Department office for career information.

The basic major is a minimum of 9 courses distributed as follows (and to be taken as much as possible in this order):

1. An introduction to the study of literature, English 248 Introduction to Literature
2. Historical, philosophical, cultural, literary background, English 231 Western World Literature I or IDS 171 Cultural Heritage
3-5. A three-course survey of literature in English, to be taken in sequence if possible: English 270 Literature in English to 1775, English 271 Literature in English 1775-1900, English 272 Literature in English since 1900
6-8. Three elective courses, one from each of the following topical categories (historical, formal, cultural), to be taken in any order: English 371 Historical Connections, English 373 Literary Forms and Reformulations, English 375 Language, Literature, and Social/Cultural Difference
9. A culminating course suited to the student's goals, taken in the senior year, to be selected from: English 380 Teaching of Secondary School English; English 480 Contemporary Literary Theory; English 490 Individual Study; English 454, 455, Advanced Creative Writing; English 493 Individual Writing Project; English 495 Advanced Studies

The major with an emphasis in writing is a minimum of 10 courses distributed as follows (with the literature courses to be taken as much as possible in this order):

1. An introduction to the study of literature, English 248 Introduction to Literature
2. Historical, philosophical, cultural, literary background, English 231 Western World Literature I or IDS 171 Cultural Heritage I
3-5. Three upper-level literature courses, to be taken in sequence if possible: 3) English 270 Literature in English to 1775, 4) English 271 Literature in English 1775-1900, and 5) a choice of English 272 Literature in English since 1900, English 371 Historical Connections, English 373 Literary Forms and Reformulations, or English 375 Language, Literature, and Social/Cultural Difference
6-9. Four writing courses: 6) one at the 200 or 300 level, 7) a 300-level, 8) a 300-level in a different genre from 7, and 9) a 400-level writing workshop.
10. A culminating course suited to the student's goals, taken in the senior year, to be selected from: English 480 Contemporary Literary Theory; English 490 Individual Study; English 454, 455, 457, 458 Advanced Creative Writing; English 493 Individual Writing Project; English 495 Advanced Studies

Intermediate level proficiency in a foreign language is valuable for all English majors and is essential for those proceeding to graduate study in the field. Classical Mythology (Classics 250) and courses in philosophy and in American and English history are strongly recommended to all English majors and minors as cognate courses. Individual students will find that off-campus study and/or internships will play important roles in their programs.

GUIDELINES FOR STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL PROFESSIONAL GOALS:
Certain courses are particularly recommended as part of the preparation for specific goals. Variation from these guidelines should be discussed with an advisor.

A. Elementary Teaching: Students should fulfill requirements 6-8 by selecting topical offerings in Literature for Children and Adolescents, Shakespeare, and History of the English Language. English 379, or English 213, or a creative writing course should be substituted for 270 in the requirements for the major. Students are strongly urged to have two semesters' experience working on the Anchor, Opus, or Milestone.
B. Secondary Teaching: Students should fulfill requirements 6-8 by selecting topical offerings in Shakespeare, History of the English Language, and Literature for Children and Adolescents. Students should consider also taking an additional course in American literature and one or more of the courses in non-print media offered by the Communication Department. Students seeking an English major with Secondary Certification should take English 380 as their culminating course. Students are strongly urged to have two semesters' experience working on the Anchor, Opus, or Milestone.
C. Graduate Study in English: Students should include Shakespeare and History of the English Language among their topical courses for requirements 6-8. Students should elect additional upper-level courses so that their majors will total at least 44 hours and should participate in the departmental Honors Program as part of their preparation for the GRE. Students should include both 480 Contemporary Literary Theory and a seminar (495 Advanced Studies) among the courses for the major, and should choose courses in history and in ancient and modern philosophy as cognate courses. For further details students should consult the department chairperson, Professor Schakel, as early in their college careers as possible.
D. Writing and Editing: Students considering careers in these fields should consult Professor Jellema, the department coordinator for internships, early in their college careers, to begin planning for an internship (perhaps taken off campus), which will play an important part in their academic programs. Students should make themselves familiar with all the options available to them: a major in English and/or Communication; a major in English with an emphasis in writing; a minor in English and/or Communication and/or Writing; and the Communication/English Composite Major.

For other kinds of professional preparation (e.g., business and industry, prelaw, preseminary, foreign service, librarianship) the specific recommendations in English are less prescriptive and the students should, with their advisors' help, tailor a program to their own needs, or consider a composite major. Suggested guidelines for a composite major are available from the department chairperson, Professor Schakel.

Internship programs are also available for English majors having specific career interests such as librarianship and business. The student may work part-time or full-time for a semester or during the summer on such programs, either in Holland or off campus. For information, consult the department coordinator for internships, Professor Jellema. For students planning to apply for a secondary teaching certificate with an English minor, the department offers an advising program to guide them in course selection. At the time of declaring a major they should also declare an English minor on forms available at both the English and Registrar's offices.

Proposals are invited from interested students or groups of students for 295, 371, 373, 375, 395, and 495 topics.

MINORS IN ENGLISH:

A. The general minor[med] (minimum of 21 hours) consists of: 1. 248; 2. 231 or IDS 171 Cultural Heritage I; 3. a writing course above English 113; 4. 12 credits of literature courses numbered 270 or higher. Minor declaration forms are available from the English Department and from the Registrar's Office. For further details consult the advisor for English minors, Professor Nicodemus.
B. The teaching minor[med] consists of 24-26 hours, numbered 200 or above, distributed as follows: 1. 213; 2. 248; 3. 231 or IDS 171 Cultural Heritage I; 4. 271; 5. 272; 6. electives in literature or writing to bring the total credits to at least 24. Methods of Teaching English (English 380) is required if English is the field chosen for student teaching; if student teaching is in another field, English 380 or 381 is suggested as an elective. English 380 may be credited toward an English minor, and is recommended. Minor declaration forms are available from the English Department and from the Registrar's Office. For further details, consult the advisor for English minors, Professor Nicodemus.
C. The writing minor consists of a minimum of 18 hours of courses on writing, not including English 113. If arrangements are made in advance, credit toward the writing minor can also be given for internships which involve a significant amount of writing or editing, and for courses in other departments which involve internship-type experience and a significant amount of writing. Students should be aware that the writing minor is not approved for teacher certification by the state. Because of the importance of directed experience in writing, students pursuing this minor are strongly encouraged to write for campus publications, take part in the visiting writers series, and/or work on the staff of the Academic Support Center. Minor declaration forms are available from the English Department and the Registrar's office. Further details and advice about course selection, particularly arrangements for securing English credit for internships in other departments, may be obtained from the advisor for English minors, Professor Nicodemus. Courses counted toward a writing minor may not also be counted toward an English major, an English minor, or an English-Communication Composite major.

HONORS PROGRAM:
The departmental Honors Program is intended to challenge majors to go beyond the minimum requirements by taking extra courses, reading, and thinking about literature. In addition, the Honors Program is intended to foster intellectual exchange among students and faculty. A central objective of this program is extensive reading from the list included in the English Department Handbook. Detailed information and application forms are available from the department chairperson, Professor Schakel. Early application, even in the freshman year, is encouraged.

Academic Support Center -- Individual assistance is offered daily at scheduled times to help students improve writing skills, study skills, and reading rate and comprehension. Students may seek these services voluntarily, be referred to the Center by one of their teachers, or even be required for a particular course to do work in the Center. In the last instance, students register formally for English 010.

COURSES:

102. English for Non-Native Speakers II -- An advanced course designed to increase a student's English proficiency in all skill areas. Sometimes required of foreign students before taking English 113. Three lectures, two laboratories per week. Hours may be increased upon consultation with the chairperson of the English Department and the instructor. By placement. Four Credits Fall Semester

Writing

113. Expository Writing I -- A course designed to encourage students to explore ideas through reading, discussion, and writing. The emphasis is on development of writing abilities. The area of exploration varies with individual instructors. Consult department for current list. Typical topics include Questions of Identity, Voices of the Third World, Critical Thinking about the Future, Crime and Punishment, Focus: Africa, C.S. Lewis, Medicine and Literature, Electronic Media, Writing and the Movies. May be repeated for additional credit, with a different subject matter. Not counted toward an English major or minor. Four Credits Both Semesters

154. Introduction to Creative Writing: Fiction -- An exploration of the elements of narrative technique. No prior experience in fiction writing is assumed. Investigates characterization, plot, setting, scene, detail, and point of view. Two Credits Spring Semester

155. Introduction to Creative Writing: Poems -- An exploration of the practice of writing poetry. No prior experience in poetry writing is assumed. Investigates a variety of approaches to the composition of a poem and such elements of poetry as image, rhythm, line, sound, pattern, and structure. Two Credits Fall Semester

213. Expository Writing II -- A course designed to further the student's ability to write effective expository prose. For students in any discipline. Prerequisite: English 113 or waiver of English 113 requirement. Two Credits Both Semesters

214. Business Writing -- A course designed to further the student's ability to write the types of expository prose appropriate to business, business administration, and technical fields. Prerequisite: English 113 or waiver of English 113 requirement. Two Credits Both Semesters

215. Legal Writing -- A course designed to further the student's ability to write the types of expository prose appropriate to law school and the legal profession. Prerequisite: English 113 or waiver of English 113 requirement. Two Credits Spring Semester

216. Technical Writing -- A course designed to further the student's ability to read and understand technical material and to write about it clearly and well. In addition to a textbook, materials used include various technical documents from the workplace: manuals, user's guides, instructions sheets, and on-line help texts. Students will use the documents to accomplish tasks and then systematically analyze the documents' effectiveness and make editing changes. Two Credits Fall Semester

254. Creative Writing: Fiction -- An introduction to the techniques of fiction writing. No prior creative writing experience required. Includes practice in the writing process, point of view, characterization, plot, setting, theme, and voice. Four Credits Both Semesters

255. Creative Writing: Poems -- An introduction to the practice of writing poetry. Includes a variety of approaches to the composition of a poem as well as the elements of poetry: image, rhythm, line, sound, pattern, form, and structure. Four Credits Both Semesters

257. Creative Writing: Plays -- An introduction to the art of writing for the stage. Includes work on selected special problems of the playwright: scene, dialogue, structure, and staging. Offered jointly with the Department of Theatre. Alternate years, 1998. Four Credits Fall Semester

258. Creative Writing: Nonfiction -- An introduction to the art of writing the contemporary literary essay. Includes work on style, structure, audience, and critical thinking and reading in essays by a broad range of writers. Topics may include humor, commentary, opinion, personal observation, autobiography, argument, social criticism, occasional essay. Four Credits Fall Semester

259. Creative Writing: Satire -- An introduction to the techniques of satire. Designed to sharpen wits and writing skills, to educate and entertain, and to familiarize students with satiric masterpieces and their own potential to contribute to this humorous genre. Alternate years, 2000. Four Credits Fall Semester

313. Expository Writing III -- A course in particular forms of expository writing. Announced topics will reflect the interest of students and instructors. Prerequisite: English 213, 214, or 215, or demonstrated writing ability. Not limited to English majors or minors. Two Credits Offered Occasionally

354. Intermediate Creative Writing: Fiction -- Intensive study of and practice with the techniques of fiction. Includes extensive reading in contemporary fiction. Students revise and complete a series of short works or one longer work. Prerequisite: English 254 or permission of instructor. Four Credits Both Semesters

355. Intermediate Creative Writing: Poems -- Intensive study of and practice with the techniques of poetry. Students write and critique poems, discuss poems in light of current issues, and practice selection and preparation of poems for publication. Prerequisite: English 255 or permission of instructor. Four Credits Both Semesters

357. Intermediate Creative Writing: Plays -- Intensive study of and practice with the techniques of playwriting. Includes attention to conflict, scene, dialogue, structure, and staging. Students move towards completion of a one-act play. Whenever possible, provision will be made for reading performances of work-in-progress; in cases of exceptional merit, arrangements may be made for public performance of a finished script. Offered jointly with the Department of Theatre. Prerequisite: English 257 or permission of instructor. Alternate years, 2000. Four Credits Spring Semester

358. Intermediate Creative Writing: Nonfiction -- Intensive study of and practice with the techniques of the personal narrative essay. Includes attention to style, structure, audience, and critical thinking. Students complete three to four narrative essays and prepare them for publication when appropriate. Prerequisite: English 258 or 254 or permission of instructor. Alternate years, 1999. Four Credits Spring Semester

359. Internship In English -- IDS 359 may be awarded up to eight hours of English credit at the discretion of the department. This course may be taken as part of the Chicago, Philadelphia, or Washington Semester Program, or by individual arrangement through the department with a local host company or agency. At the discretion of the department, a portion of the credits earned in this semester may be applied toward the student's major or minor requirements. Otherwise, the credits will constitute elective hours within the department. Eight Credits (Maximum) Both Semesters

389. GLCA Arts Program -- IDS 389 may be awarded up to sixteen hours of English credit at the discretion of the department. The Great Lakes Colleges Association, Inc. Arts Program, presently based in New York City, involves the student in a full semester study of and involvement in the arts. At the discretion of the department, a portion of the credits earned in this semester may be applied toward the student's major requirements. Otherwise, the credits will constitute elective hours within the department. Sixteen Credits (Maximum) Both Semesters

454. Advanced Creative Writing: Fiction -- A workshop for students with demonstrated ability and commitment to the craft of writing fiction. Students write and edit three or four pieces of fiction. A revised story of publishable quality is expected by the end of the semester. Prerequisites: English 354, a writing sample, and permission of the instructor. Four Credits Spring Semester

455. Advanced Creative Writing: Poems -- A workshop for students with demonstrated ability and commitment to the craft of writing poetry. Students develop a focused project and complete a 20- to 30-page chapbook. Class sessions spent in critique and discussion of issues pertinent to each student's project. Prerequisites: English 355, a writing sample, and permission of the instructor. Four Credits Spring Semester

493. Individual Writing Project -- An independent, student-designed writing project culminating in a significant and complete body of creative or expository writing. May be repeated for additional credit with a different project. Prerequisite: departmental acceptance of application (forms available in departmental office). Two to Four Credits Both Semesters

Literature

231. Literature of the Western World I -- Masterpieces of Western literature through the Renaissance. Meets part of the Cultural Heritage requirement. Four Credits Both Semesters

232. Literature of the Western World II -- Masterpieces of Western literature since the Renaissance. Meets part of the Cultural Heritage requirement. 231 is not a prerequisite. Four Credits Both Semesters

248. Introduction to Literature -- An introductory course in reading and responding to poetry, fiction, drama, and nonfiction from various critical perspectives. Required of all English majors and minors; should be taken before or at least concurrent with higher-numbered literature courses. Recommended also for students not specializing in English.Four Credits Both Semesters

270. Literature in English to 1775 -- A survey of British and American literature from their beginnings until 1775. Should be taken before English 271, if possible. Four Credits Both Semesters

271. Literature in English 1775-1900 -- A survey of British, American, and Commonwealth literature, 1775-1900. Should be taken before English 272, if possible. Four Credits Both Semesters

272. Literature in English since 1900 -- A survey of British and American literature and other literatures in English since 1900. Four Credits Both Semesters

295. Special Topics -- A topic in literature, writing, or language not covered in the regular course listings and intended particularly for the general liberal arts student. May be repeated for additional credit in a different field of study. Recent offerings include Detective Fiction; 20th-Century African Literature; 20th-Century Chinese Literature. Two to Four Credits

334. The Modern European Novel -- The nineteenth- and twentieth-century influences on the novel from Balzac to Camus. Ordinarily offered only in the Vienna Summer School program. Three Credits Summer

371. Historical Connections -- An examination, using a comparative model, of how literature, over time, reflects and records intellectual, perceptual, and aesthetic changes. Recent topics include The Middle Ages and Medievalism; Swift and Lewis; Epic and Lyric; The Othering of American Literature. Topic for Fall 1998: Country Life and Its Literature. Should be taken after English 270 and 271, if possible. May be repeated for additional credit with a different topic. Two or Four Credits Both Semesters

373. Literary Forms and Reformulations -- An examination of how literature interrogates and revises received traditions. By focusing on sequences of works, juxtaposed works, or the works of a single author, it examines imitations, critiques, and transformations within formal literary categories and within canons. Recent topics include History and Development of the Short Story; Contemporary Women's Poetry; From Page to Screen: Contemporary Literature and Film Adaptation. Two topics are offered every semester: 1. Shakespeare, 2. Literature for Children and Adolescents. Should be taken after English 270 and 271, if possible. May be repeated for additional credit with a different topic. Two or Four Credits Both Semesters

375. Language, Literature, and Social/Cultural Difference - An examination of literary works as cultural artifacts, examining how they not only record and reflect the dynamics of social and cultural difference but also influence or resist change. Under investigation will be conflicts and modifications in cultural identification, how literature draws upon the lives and times of its authors, and how race, class, gender, and other forms of difference generate social and cultural tensions and express and embody them in literature. Recent topics include Cultures in Fiction; African Literature; Religion, Race and Gender in the Literature of Antebellum America. Three topics are offered annually: one dealing with ethnic American literature (Fall), History of the English Language (Fall), and African American Literature (Spring). Other topics for 1998-99: Fall -- Shakespeare's Sisters in Context; Spring -- Salinger and Potok. Should be taken after English 270 and 271, if possible. May be repeated for additional credit with a different topic. Two or Four Credits Both Semesters

395. Studies in English -- An author or authors, genre, or special topic, usually in British or American literature. May be repeated for additional credit in a different field of study. Recent offerings include Contemporary American Poetry; American Women Writers; 20th-Century Irish Literature; Hawthorne and His Times; Angels in the Literary Imagination. Two to Four Credits (One or Two Credits During August Term)

480. Introduction to Literary Theory -- A chronological survey of major 20th-century theoretical approaches to literature. Topics include Formalism and New Criticism, Reader-Oriented Theories, Marxism, Structuralism and Poststructuralism, Feminist, Postmodern and Postcolonialist theories. Strongly recommended to students considering graduate school. Same as French 480. Prerequisite: permission of instructor. Alternate years, 2000. Four Credits Spring Semester

Teaching

379. Writing for Teachers --An introduction to the basic techniques of writing intended especially for prospective teachers. Topics include writing practice, short fiction, poetry, evaluating creative writing, publication, curriculum development, and nonfiction writing. Includes attention to the student's understanding of his or her own writing process. Four Credits Both Semesters

380. Teaching of Secondary School English -- A study of and experience in applying methods of teaching grammar, discussion, literature, and composition in the secondary school. Required for Secondary Certification. Recommended with an English minor as well as a major. Should be taken after or concurrently with Education 360, and before student teaching. Four Credits Fall Semester

381. Teaching Writing in All Disciplines -- For prospective and practicing elementary and secondary teachers in all the disciplines. A survey of the most recent theories about writing and practices in the teaching of writing across the curriculum. Assignments will allow students to apply theory to actual practice in creating assignments, inventing sequences of activities, using writing to personalize learning, and responding to student writing. One Credit Spring Semester

383. Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language -- Four Credits [EN]Fall Semester

Summer Seminars: Teaching -- A one-week study of methods of teaching primary or secondary English in one of these areas: grammar, discussion, literature, composition. Intended for prospective and practicing teachers. Available for one or two hours credit. This workshop is not a substitute for English 380, Teaching of Secondary School English. Individual course titles will be announced by mid-April of each year. One or Two Credits Summer Only

Readings and Research

490. Individual Study -- An individual research project, investigating some topic in depth and culminating in a paper that demonstrates literary scholarship and independent thought. May be repeated for additional credit, with a different project. Not limited to the senior level. Prerequisite: departmental acceptance of application (forms available in department office). Two to Four Credits Both Semesters

495. Advanced Studies -- A seminar in a field designated by the instructor. Preparation and presentation of research papers are central to the course. Prerequisite: previous work in or related to the topic of the seminar; students are urged to consult the instructor if they are doubtful about the nature and quality of their previous work. May be repeated for additional credit in a different field of study. Recent offerings include James Joyce; G.B. Shaw; Early English Drama Exclusive of Shakespeare; C.S. Lewis; Novels of the American West; Three Southern Writers. Topic for Spring 1999: Shakespeare's History Plays. Four Credits

499. Readings in Literature -- Designed to fill in gaps in knowledge of important authors and works and of major trends and patterns. Readings under tutorial supervision of an instructor assigned by department chairperson. May be repeated for additional credit in a different field of study. Prerequisite: departmental acceptance of application (forms available in department office). Two to Four Credits Both Semesters