[World War I]
  
Before class 
  
      * Read Palmer, 666-687 and review 663-666 
  
      * Key terms
  
	battles: Marne, Tannenberg, Verdun, Somme, Jutland 
	secret treaty of London 
	Zimmermann telegram 
	Balfour note 
	treaty of Brest-Litovsk 
	General Ludendorff 
	David Lloyd George 
	Georges Clemenceau 
  
      * Key questions


1. What happened when the Germans put the Schlieffen Plan into operation? 

2. What effect did revolutionary events in Russia in 1917 have on the First World War?

3. Describe the nature and outcome of (a) the German submarine campaign in 1917, (b) the 
military campaigns on the Western Front in 1917 and (c) the German offensive in the 
West in the spring of 1918.  What were the results of the Allied offensive which 
followed? 

4. What happened to the Austro-Hungarian empire at the close of the war? 
  
5. What effect did the war have on the entry of women into the labor force? 

6. To what extent did governments during the war attempt to control ideas?  With what 
consequences? 


  
      * Key concepts: total war; reasons for Allied victory 
  
      * Key quotation:

      Think... of the great part that is played by the unpredictable in war:
      think of it now, before you are actually committed to war.  The longer a war
      lasts, the more things tend to depend on accidents.  Neither you nor we can 
      see into them: we have to abide their outcome in the dark.  And when people 
      are entering upon a war they do things the wrong way round.  Action comes 
      first, and it is only when they have already suffered that they begin to think.

                                         Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War

[World War I]
In class 
  
      * Outline 
  
		 1. the spark 
  
		 2. toward stalemate: four problems 
  
		 3. three stages 
  
			a. August 1914-early 1915 
			b. early 1915-late 1916 
			c. late 1916-November 1918 
  
		 4. consequences 
  
      * Key terms
  
	Schlieffen Plan 
	battles: Marne, Tannenberg, Gallipoli, Somme 
	Lusitania 
	David Lloyd George 
	Georges Clemenceau 
	Paul Hindenburg 
	Erich Ludendorff 

      * Key question: How did World War I happen, and why?

      * Key quotations

We instructors at Germany's universities and institutes of higher learning serve scholarship and 
carry forth a work of peace.  But it fills us with dismay that the enemies of Germany, England at 
the head, wish--ostensibly for our benefit--to polarize the spirit of German scholarship from what 
they call Prussian militarism.  In the German army, there is no other spirit than in the German 
people, for both are one, and we are also a part of it.  Our army also nurtures scholarship and can 
attribute its accomplishments in no small part to it.  Service in the army also makes our youth 
effective for all the works of peace including scholarship.  For the army educates them to 
sacrificial faithfulness to duty and lends them the self confidence and sense of honor of the truly 
free man who submits himself willingly to the whole.  This spirit doesn't only exist in Prussia, 
but it is the same in all the lands of the German Reich.  It is the same in war or peace.  Now our 
army stands in battle for Germany's freedom and thereby for all the assets of peace and morality-
-not just in Germany alone.  Our belief is that salvation for the very culture of Europe depends 
on the victory that German "militarism" will gain; manly virtue, faithfulness, the will to sacrifice 
found in the united, free German people.

			Declaration signed by over 3,100 German professors, 23 October 1914

Never have I been so uncertain of a decision in my life.

			Woodrow Wilson, 2 April 1917	

Ever since I served as an infantryman in the first World War I have had a great dislike of people 
who, themselves in ease and safety, issue exhortations to men in the front line.

			C. S. Lewis, Mere Christianity