[Masses and Classes]
Before class * Read Palmer, 590-612 * Key terms Taff Vale decision Friedrich Neitzsche anarchist fundamentalists revisionism Syllabus of Errors syndicalism Vatican Council Bolsheviks Rerum Novarum Charles Darwin, Origin of Species Zionism Sigmund Freud economic nationalism e=mc˛ irrationalism agnosticism * Key questions
      1. How did trade unionism in Britain differ from trade unionism on the Continent? How did the British Labour party differ from other European socialist parties? 2. What reasons might be suggested for the decline of a revolutionary mood in the working class by 1914? 3. "There never was a time when faith in the powers of natural science was so widespread as in the half-century preceding the First World War." Comment in light of Darwin's conclusions, the work of Pavlov and Freud, and Einstein's contributions. 4. "Paradoxically, this great age of science found that man was not a rational animal." Comment. 5. In what sense do the paintings by Monet (p.554), Seurat (p.582), and Renoir, Gaugin, Cassatt, Cezanne, Kandinsky, and Braque (p.2-1 to 2-6) represent the artistic revolution associated with modern art? What problems of communication between artist and public did these innovations raise? 6. How was the conflict between modernists and fundamentalists resolved in (a) Protestantism, (b) Catholicism, and (c) Judaism? What other trends and developments were observable in European religion in the generation before 1914? 7. Explain the meaning of classical liberalism in political and economic matters. What was the "new liberalism"? How did it differ from or resemble classical liberalism?



[Masses and Classes]
In class * Outline 1. socialism a. orthodox Marxism b. revisionism c. example of Russia 2. new cultural paradigms a. art: Impressionism b. social science: Freudianism c. science: Darwinism d. religion: higher criticism and social gospel 3. new secular religions a. naturalism b. materialism * Key terms social democrats E. Bernstein, Evolutionary Socialism anarchism syndicalism Sergei Witte intelligentsia Narodniki Social Revolutionaries Social Democrats V. Lenin, What is to be Done? Bolsheviks Mensheviks Pablo Picasso Origin of Species Descent of Man Social Darwinism * Key concepts: Leninism, modernism * Key quotations
    As natural selection works solely by and for the good of each being, all corporeal and mental endowments will tend to progress toward perfection. Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species (1859) The faith of the majority of educated people of our day was expressed by the word "progress." Leo Tolstoy, A Confession