[Science and Society]
  
Before class 
  
      * Read Palmer, 265-308 
  
      * Key terms
  
	Francis Bacon					pietism
	Rene Descartes					John Wesley
	Galileo						philosophes
	Nicholas Copernicus				Encyclopedie
	John Kepler					Monteaquieu
	Isaac Newton					Voltaire
	Baruch Spinoza					Rousseau
	John Locke					Physiocrats
	natural law					laissez-faire
	Thomas Hobbes 					Adam Smith

      * Key questions 


1. How did Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes attack earlier methods of seeking knowledge?  
What did they expect to be the results of the scientific method?

2. How did Newton build upon the work of his predecessors?  What was his supreme 
achievement? 
 
3. What advances were made in the practical and applied sciences in the seventeenth and 
eighteenth centuries? 

4. What impact did knowledge of other parts of the world have on Europe and European 
thought?  How did this new knowledge contribute to "skepticism"? 

5. What is meant by "natural law"?  "natural right"?  Explain how the philosophy of natural law 
was used to justify both absolutist and constitutional government in the seventeenth century.

6. What was spirit of the Enlightenment?  Of what significance was the idea of progress? 

  
      * Key concepts
  
	scientific method: distinction between deductive and
	   inductive methods scientific revolution
	skepticism
	Enlightenment 

[Science and Society]

In class 
  
      * Outline 
  
		1. Scientific revolution 

			a. new influences
			b. breakthroughs
			c. scientific method

		2. Political theory 

		3. Enlightenment 
 
      * Key terms
  
	Galileo Galilei 
	Francis Bacon 
	Rene Descartes 
	Isaac Newton, Mathematical Principles
	Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan
	John Locke, Second Treatise of Civil Government
	deism
	Voltaire 
	Philosophes 
	Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations
	Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Social Contact
 
      * Key concepts
  
	natural law
	competing claims of schools of thought and systems of belief  
 
      * Key quotations

  
The diffusion of a general knowledge, and of a taste for science, over all classes of men, in every 
nation of Europe, or of European origins, seems to be the characteristic feature of the present 
age.  
							James Keir, Dictionary of Chemistry  (1789)

Every individual necessarily labors to render the annual revenue of the society as great as he can.  
He generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is 
promoting it.  By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, in such a manner 
as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in 
many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of it.  By 
pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of society more effectually than when he 
really intends to promote it.
							Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776)