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Physical Plant Safety Orientation
00 INTRODUCTION
10 RESPONSIBILITIES
- Supervisors
Supervisors must recognize those factors in the workplace with accident potential.
The supervisor shall provide frequent inspections of job sites, work methods,
and materials/equipment used. Any unsafe equipment/material shall be tagged
and rendered inoperative or physically removed from its place of operation.
The supervisor shall permit only qualified personnel to operate equipment and
machinery according to safe work practices.
Supervisors are responsible for:
- Ensuring safe working conditions
- Providing necessary protective equipment
- Ensuring that required guards and protective equipment are provided,
used, and properly maintained.
- Ensuring that tools and equipment are properly maintained and used.
- Planning the workload and assigning employees to jobs which they are
qualified to perform.
- Ensuring that the employees understand the work to be done, the hazards
that may be encountered, and the proper procedure for doing the work safely.
- Taking immediate action to correct any violation of safety rules observed
or reported to them.
- Ensuring workers exposed or potentially exposed to hazardous chemicals/materials
have access to appropriate Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).
20 GENERAL SHOP/WORK AREA SAFETY
- Employee Training
Employees shall be thoroughly trained in the use of protective equipment,
guards, and safeguards for chemicals and safe operation of equipment, machines,
and tools they use or operate. Only employees who have been trained and those
undergoing supervised on-the-job training (OJT) shall be allowed to use shop
equipment, machines, and tools.
- Personal Protective Equipment
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is not a substitute for engineering controls
or feasible work or administrative procedures. While these controls are being
implemented, or if it has been determined that control methods are not feasible,
personal protective equipment is required whenever there are hazards that
can do bodily harm through absorption, inhalation, or physical contact.
This equipment includes respiratory and hearing protective devices, special
clothing, and protective devices for the eyes, face, head, and extremities.
All PPE shall be of a safe design and constructed for the work to be performed
and shall be maintained in a sanitary and reliable condition.
- Eye Protection
- Eye protection is required when there is a possibility of injury
from chemicals or flying particles. Examples of operation requiring
the use of eye protection include, but are not limited to:
- Chipping, grinding, and impact drilling.
- Breaking concrete, brick, and plaster.
- Welding or helping in welding of any type.
- Cleaning with compressed air.
- Tinning or soldering lugs or large joints.
- Riveting, grinding, or burning metals.
- Handling chemicals, acids, or caustics.
- Face shields shall be thoroughly washed with soap and water before
being worn by another person.
- Hearing Protection
Appropriate hearing protection shall be used where employees
are in designated hazardous noise areas with operating noise sources,
or using tools or equipment which are labeled as hazardous noise
producers. The Office of Health and Fire Safety shall be contacted
for noise level surveys and guidance on the type of hearing protection
required.
- Hand Protection
- Rubber protective gloves shall be worn by personnel working
in battery shops or where acids, alkalies, organic solvents,
and other harmful chemicals are handled.
- Electrical worker's gloves are designed and shall
be used to insulate electrical workers from shock,
burns, and other electrical hazards. These gloves shall
NOT be the only protection provided and will never
be used with voltages higher than the insulation rating
of the gloves.
- Multi-use gloves shall be worn to
protect the hands from injuries caused
by handling sharp or jagged objects,
wood, or similar hazard-producing materials.
These gloves are usually made of cloth
material with chrome leather palms
and fingers or synthetic coating. All-leather
gloves are also acceptable.
- Foot Protection
Non-skid shoes shall be worn where floors may be wet or greasy.
Where there is reasonable probability of foot or toe injury from
impact and compression forces, safety footwear shall be worn.
-
Respiratory
Protection
There are various airborne hazards, e.g., organic vapors,
particulates, fumes, etc., that personnel may encounter and
respiratory protection may be required. The Office of Health
and Fire Safety shall be consulted for guidance on the type
of protection required.
-
Head
Protection
Hard hats shall be worn by all personnel working below other
workers and in areas where sharp projections or other
head hazards exist.
-
Body Protection
Natural or synthetic rubber or acid-resisting rubberized
cloth aprons shall be worn by personnel handling
irritating or corrosive substances. Aprons shall normally be worn with
acid sleeves and gloves for greater body protection
against skin injuries.
-
Insulated Matting
Insulating matting shall be used by workers for additional
resistance to shock where potential shock hazards
exist, such as:
- Areas where floor resistance is lowered due to dampness.
- Areas where high voltages (above 600 bolts) may be encountered.
- Areas with electrical repair or test benches.
- Other
- Shop supervisors shall ensure that shop personnel use the
protective clothing and equipment that will protect them
from hazards of the work they perform. It is the responsibility
of workers to keep their PPE in a clean, sanitary state of
repair and use the equipment when required.
- Workers shall keep their hands and face clean, change clothes
when they are contaminated with solvents, lubricants, or
fuels, and keep their hands and soiled objects out of their
mouth. No food or drink shall be brought into or consumed
in areas exposed to toxic materials, chemicals, or shop contaminants.
Workers shall wash their hands before eating or smoking after
exposure to any contaminant.
- Workers shall not wear rings, earrings, bracelets, wristwatches,
or necklaces in the vicinity of operating machinery and power
tools. Additionally, long full beards, unrestrained long
hair, and loose clothing can become caught in tools or machinery
and cause serious personal injury. Highly combustible garments
or coveralls made of material such as nylon shall not be
worn in or around high temperature equipment or operations
such as boiler operations, welding, and any other work with
open flame devices.
-
Shop Layout
Proper layout, spacing, and arrangement of equipment, machinery,
passageways, and aisles are essential to orderly operations and to
avoid congestion.
- Equipment and machinery shall be arranged to permit an even flow
of materials. Sufficient space should be provided to handle the
material with the least possible interference from or to workers
or other work being performed. Machines should be placed so it
is not necessary for an operator to stand in a passageway or aisle.
Additionally, machine positioning should allow for easy maintenance,
cleaning, and removal of scrap. Clear zones shall be established
and should be of sufficient dimensions to accommodate typical work.
Marking of machine clear zones may be yellow or yellow and black
hash-marked lines, 2 to 3 inches wide. Machines designed for fixed
locations shall be securely anchored. If pieces of stock to be
worked exceeds workplace/clear zone floor markings, rope/stanchions
may be used to temporarily extend the workplace. Machines with
shock mounting pads shall be securely anchored and installed according
to manufacturer's instructions.
- Passageways/aisles shall be provided and marked to permit the
free movement of employees bringing and removing material from
the shop. These passageways are independent of clear zones and
storage spaces. They shall be clearly recognizable.
- Where powered materials handling equipment (forklift) is used,
facility layout shall provide enough clearance in aisles, on loading
docks, and through doorways to permit safe turns. Aisles shall
be at least 3 feet wider than the widest vehicle used or most common
material being transported.
- Illumination
Adequate illumination shall be provided to ensure safe working conditions
- Portable lamps shall have UL approved plugs, handles, sockets,
guards, and cords for normal working conditions.
- For work in boilers, condensers, tanks, turbines, or other grounded
locations that are wet or may cause excessive perspiration, a low
voltage lighting system should be used, either from a battery system
or low-voltage lighting unit. In situations where these lighting
systems are not available, a vapor-proof 110 volt lighting system
shall be used.
- Flashlights for use near energized electrical equipment and circuitry
shall have insulated cases.
- At least 50 foot-candles of illumination shall be provided at all
work stations. However, fine work may require 100 foot-candles or
more. This can be obtained with a combination of general lighting
plus supplemental lighting.
- Exits and Exit Markings
- Every exit shall have "EXIT" in plain legible letters
not less than 6 inches high with the strokes of the letters
not less than three-quarters of an inch wide.
- Doors, passageways, or stairways which are neither exits
nor ways to an exit (but may be mistaken for an exit) shall
be clearly marked "NOT AN EXIT" or by a sign indicating
their actual use, for example: "STORAGE ROOM" or "BASEMENT."
- When the direction to the nearest exit may not be apparent
to an occupant, an exit sign with an arrow indicating direction
shall be used.
- Exit access shall be arranged so it is unnecessary to travel
toward any area of high hazard potential in order to reach
the nearest exit (unless the path of travel is effectively
shielded by suitable partitions or other physical barriers).
- Exit signs shall be clearly visible from all directions of
egress and shall not be obstructed at any time. If occupancy
is permitted at night, or if normal lighting levels are reduced
at times during working hours, exit signs shall be suitably
illuminated by a reliable light source.
- A door from a room to an exit or to a way of exit access
will be the side-hinged swinging type. It will swing out in
the direction of travel if 50 or more persons occupy the room
or the exit is from an area of high hazard potential.
- Areas around exit doors and passageways shall be free of
obstructions. The exit route shall lead to a public way. No
lock fastening device shall be used to prevent escape from
inside the building.
- Where occupants may be endangered by the blocking of any
single exit due to fire or smoke, there shall be at least two
means of exit remote from each other.
- Exits, exterior steps, and ramps shall be adequately lighted
to prevent mishaps. Separate lighting will not be required
if street or other permanent lighting gives at least one foot-candle
of illumination on the exit, steps, or ramp.
-
Housekeeping
Good housekeeping shall be maintained in all shops, yards, buildings,
and mobile equipment. Supervisors are responsible for good housekeeping
in or around the work they are supervising. As a minimum, the following
requirements shall be adhered to:
- Material shall not be placed where anyone might stumble over
it, where it might fall on someone, or on or against any support
unless the support can withstand the additional weight.
- Aisles and passageways shall be kept clear of tripping hazards.
- Nails shall be removed from loose lumber or the points turned
down.
- Ice shall be removed from all walkways and work areas where
it may create a hazard or interfere with work to be done. If
ice cannot be removed readily, sand or other approved materials
shall be applied.
- Trash and other waste materials shall be kept in approved receptacles.
Trash shall not be allowed to accumulate and shall be removed
and disposed of as soon as practicable, at least once per shift
(or more often if needed).
- Disconnect switches, distribution panels, or alarm supply boxes
shall not be blocked by any obstruction which may prevent ready
access.
- Machinery and equipment shall be kept clean of excess grease
and oil and (operating conditions permitting) free of excessive
dust. Pressure gauges and visual displays shall be kept clean,
visible, and serviceable at all times. Drip pans and wheeled
or stationary containers shall be cleaned and emptied at the
end of each shift.
- Fire Prevention
All Physical Plant personnel shall receive fire prevention training
as part of their general training.
- Supervisors in charge of operations where fuels, solvents, or other
flammable liquids are used shall be constantly alert for hazards
and unsafe acts. Fuels such as gasoline shall never be used to clean
floors or clothing, and open solvent or gasoline containers shall
not be kept near electrical equipment. The use of low flashpoint
petroleum solvents shall be avoided whenever possible. Open flames,
open element heaters, equipment not properly grounded, and nonexplosion-proof
electrical equipment used in the presence of flammable or combustible
liquids shall be avoided.
- Fire extinguishers of at least 20 BC or greater rating shall be
installed in shop areas. The number of extinguishers depends upon
the size and layout of the facility. Fire extinguishers shall meet
the following OSHA requirements:
- Be kept fully charged and in their designated area.
- Be located along normal paths of travel.
- Not be obstructed or obscured from view.
- Be visually inspected at least monthly to ensure that
they:
- Are in their designated places.
- Have not been tampered with or actuated.
- Do not have corrosion or other impairments.
- Are accessible and not obstructed.
- Be examined at least yearly and/or recharged
or repaired to ensure operability and safety.
- Be hydrostatically tested.
- Be placed so the maximum travel distance, unless
there are extremely hazardous conditions, does
not exceed 75 feet for Class A or 50 feet for Class
B locations.
- Supervisors shall ensure that employees remove construction debris
and rubbish from the job site upon completion of the job, or daily
if extended beyond one day. Hazardous materials shall not be left
at job sites unless properly stored. Work being performed on job
sites shall not endanger building occupants (e.g., exits blocked,
fire alarm devices disconnected, etc.).
- Material Storage
All unnecessary accumulation of materials and supplies
in the shop area shall be avoided. The presence of unnecessary material
in the
shop could cause such incidents as tripping, falling, or slipping.
This could be especially hazardous around equipment that is in operation.
The only material in the shop area shall be that actually in work.
The only place that materials should accumulate in quantity are in
storerooms and material holding areas.
- The storage of materials shall not, of itself, create
a hazard. Materials stored in tiers shall be stacked, strapped,
blocked or interlocked, and limited in height so they are
stable and secure against sliding or collapse. Storage
racks shall have sufficient capacity to bear the loads
imposed on them.
- Stored materials shall not obstruct fire extinguishers,
alarm boxes, sprinkler system controls, electrical switch
boxes, machine operations, emergency lighting, first aid
or emergency equipment, or exits.
- Heavy materials and equipment should be stored low and
close to the ground or floor to reduce the possibility
of injury during handling.
- All passageways and storerooms shall be maintained clean,
unobstructed, dry, and in sanitary condition. Spills will
be promptly removed.
- Where mechanical handling equipment, such as lift trucks
are used, safety clearance shall be provided for aisles
at loading docks, through doorways, and wherever turns
or passages must be made. No obstructions that could create
a hazard are permitted in aisles.
-
Use of Tools
Handtools
- Incidents at the job site involving hand tools are usually
the result of misuse. Hand tools are precision tools capable
of performing many jobs when used properly. Prevention
of incidents involving hand tools on the job site becomes
a matter of good instruction, adequate training, and proper
use.
- Hand tool safety requires that the tools be of
good quality and adequate for the job. All tools
shall be kept in good repair and maintained by qualified
personnel.
- When personnel use hand tools while they are working
on ladders, scaffolds, platforms, or work stands,
they shall use carrying bags for tools which are
not in use. Workers shall not drop tools.
- Racks, shelves, or tool boxes shall be provided
for storing tools which are not in use.
- Supervisors shall frequently inspect all hand tools used in
the operation under their supervision. Defective tools shall be
immediately removed from service. Some common tool defects are:
- Handles When handles of hammers, axes, picks, or sledges
become cracked, split, broken, or splintered, they shall
be immediately replaced. Tool handles shall be well-fitted
and securely fastened by wedges or other acceptable means.
Wedges, always used in pairs, shall be driven into the
handle when repairing a sledgehammer or maul, to prevent
the head from accidentally flying off if the handle shrinks.
- Tangs Files, wood chisels, and other tools with tangs
shall be fitted and used with suitable handles covering
the end of the tang. Ends of the handles shall not be used
for pounding or tapping.
- Mushroom Heads Cold chisels, punches, hammers, drift
pins, and other similar tools have a tendency to mushroom
from repeated poundings. They shall be dressed down as
soon as they begin to crack and curl.
- When dressing tools, a slight bevel of about three-sixteenths
of an inch shall be grounded around the head. This
will help prevent the heads from mushrooming.
- When tool heads mushroom, the material is highly
crystallized and, with each blow of the hammer, fragments
are likely to break off.
- Portable Power Tools Portable power tools increase mobility
and convenience but are frequently more hazardous to use
than their stationary counterparts. Personnel who are required
to use portable power tools in their work shall be thoroughly
trained in safe operating practices. Safe operating procedure
shall be set up for each type of tool consistent with the
manufacturer's instructions.
- Use of Compressed Air Sources
- Compressed air has the appearance of a relatively harmless gas.
However, to avoid accidents, compressed air must be used correctly.
The improper or inadvertent connection of items not designed for
shop air pressure, i.e., equipment, storage vessels, or containers,
to a shop air supply may cause serious personal injury and more
than likely will damage the item being connected.
- The maximum air pressure approved for general use in the shops
and laboratories is 30 psi (pounds per square inch). This pressure
is sufficient for most shop and laboratory operations and is not
significantly hazardous. Use discretion and good judgement when
using compressed air, even at this low pressure.
- The following rules and practices are suggested to avoid personal
injury, equipment damage, and potential environmental impact:
- All personnel assigned to shops with air compressors
shall be familiar with compressor operating and maintenance
instructions.
- Compressed air is not to be used to blow dirt, chips,
or dust from clothing.
- Air compressors shall be maintained strictly in accordance
with the manufacturer's instructions.
- Do not use compressed air to transfer materials from
containers when there is a possibility of exceeding
the safe maximum allowable working pressure of the
container.
- The maximum working pressure of compressed air lines
shall be identified in psi. Pipeline outlets shall
be tagged or marked showing maximum working pressure
immediately adjacent to the outlet.
- Do not use compressed air to transfer materials from
standard 55-gallon drums. Use a siphon with a bulk
aspirator on a pump. WARNING It is dangerous to pressurize
any container not designed for that purpose.
- Never use compressed air where particles can be accelerated
by the air stream.
- Do not use compressed air to clean machinery or parts
unless absolutely necessary. Where possible, use a
brush. If necessary, use a minimum pressure and provide
barriers or clean the area of personnel. Wear goggles
to protect your eyes.
- Never apply compressed air to any part of a person's
body.
- Do not use a compressed air line that does not have
a pressure regulator for reducing the line pressure.
- Keep the hose length between tool housing and the
air source as short as possible.
- Where possible, attach a short length of light chain
between the hose and the housing on air-operated tools.
This keeps the hose from whipping should the hose-tool
coupling separate.
- Inspect air supply and tool hoses before using. Discard
and label unfit hoses. Repair hoses where applicable.
- Turn valve off and vent pressure from a line before
connecting or disconnecting it. Never work on a pressurized
line.
- Do not connect air supply respirators or supplied-air
suits to the compressed air supply system of any building.
Such compressed air is unsafe to breathe.
- Do not attach pneumatic tools, process, or control
instruments to breathing air lines. The potential contamination
to personnel and systems is hazardous.
- Working Safely at Elevations
These procedures are designed to prevent the injury of Hope College
personnel due to falls or slips any time personnel are working on
portable stairs, ladders, or scaffolding, or at elevations or more
than four (4) feet above grade. Applicable OSHA standards include
29 CFR 1910.21-.68.
- Ladders
- Hazards
Falls are the primary hazard associated with the use
of ladders. Falls result from a number of unsafe acts
and conditions such as:
- Ladders being set on unstable surfaces.
- Personnel reaching too far out to the sides.
- Personnel standing too high to maintain balance.
- Personnel using defective ladders (e.g., broken
rails, rungs, missing hardware).
These hazards are minimized if workers adhere to proper
ladder safety practices and if supervisors ensure equipment
is used, inspected, and maintained in good condition.
Tasks which require frequent use of ladders and involve
significant climbing effort must be accomplished by
workers capable of the physical exertion required under
these conditions.
- Requirements
- Procurement
Portable ladders procured for Hope College
shall meet the design and construction specification
of
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.25 for wood ladders and 29 CFR 1910.26
for metal ladders. Portable ladders constructed of
reinforced plastic shall meet the specifications of
ANSI A14.5-1974.
- Allowable Lengths
The maximum allowable lengths of portable ladders are:
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Stepladders
Platform stepladders
Straight ladders
Extension ladders
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8 feet
12 feet
20 feet
36 feet - with min overlap of 3 feet
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- Wooden Ladders
Wooden parts used in construction of ladders should be straight-grained; thoroughly
seasoned; smoothly dressed; and free of sharp edges, splinters, checks, decay
and other defects. Rungs must be parallel, level and uniformly spaced. The
spacing shall not be more than 12 inches. Wooden ladders will be coated with
a suitable protective coating such as boiled linseed oil, clear varnish or
clear lacquer. Wood ladders shall not be painted with an opaque coating, since
possible defects may be covered up.
- Nonslip Bases
Portable ladders shall be equipped with nonslip
bases such as safety feet or spikes, depending upon
the type of usage.
- Electrical Personnel shall not use portable metal
ladders when performing work on or near electrical
equipment. The side rails of metal ladders will be
stenciled in 2-inch (or smaller is necessary to fit
on the side rails) red letters: "DANGER - DO
NOT USE AROUND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT." Wood or
reinforced plastic ladders shall be used for work
on or near electrical equipment. They will be kept
clean. Remove all surface buildup or dirt, grease,
or oils to avoid creating a ready path for electrical
current.
- Care of Ladder
- Handle ladders with care. Do not drop,
jar or misuse them.
- Ladders shall be stored in a manner that
will provide easy access for inspection
and will permit safe withdrawal for use.
They shall not be stored in a manner that
presents a tripping hazard not where they
can fall on someone. They should be stored
in a manner that will prevent sagging.
- Lubricate metal bearings of locks, wheels,
pulleys, etc., as required to keep them
working.
- Replace frayed or badly worn rope.
- Keep safety feet and other parts in good
condition to ensure they work.
- Maintain ladders in good usable condition.
Inspect ladders prior to use.
- Ladders with defects which cannot be immediately
repaired, shall be removed from service
for repair or destruction, and shall be
tagged with a danger tag. Do not attempt
to straighten or use a bent ladder made
of reinforced plastic.
- Rungs or steps on metal ladders that are
not corrugated, knurled, or dimpled will
have skid-resistant materials applied.
- Proper Use of Ladders
- The correct procedures for using ladders are as follows:
- Where possible, portable nonself-supporting
ladders will be used at such a pitch that the
base of the ladder is placed a distance from the
vertical wall that is one-fourth of the working
length of the ladder. The ladder shall be placed
to prevent slipping, or it will be lashed or manually
held in position.
- Ladders shall not be used by more than one person
at a time. Ladders specially designed to support
greater loads shall be used in combination with
ladder jacks and scaffold planks when an operation
requires more than one person.
- Place portable ladders so that the side rails
have a secure footing. The top rest for portable
rung and cleat ladders will be reasonably rigid
and will have adequate strength to support the
applied load.
- Ladders shall not be placed in front of doors
opening toward the ladder unless the door is blocked
open, locked, or guarded.
- Do not place ladders on boxes, barrels, or other
unstable bases to obtain additional height.
- To support the top of the ladder at a window
opening, attach a board across the back of the
ladder, extending across the window to provide
firm support against the building walls or window
frames.
- When ascending or descending, users shall face
the ladder and use both hands.
- Ladders with broken or missing steps, rungs,
or cleats, broken side rails, or other defects
shall not be used. Do not make improvised repairs.
- Do not splice short ladders together to provide
long sections.
- Do not use ladders made by fastening cleats
across a single rail.
- Do not use ladders as guys, braces, skids, horizontal
platforms or scaffolds, or for other than their
intended purposes.
- Do not use a ladder to aid access to a roof
unless the top of the ladder extends at least
3 feet above the point of support, at eave, gutter,
or roof line.
- Always raise extension ladders so that the upper
section overlaps and rests on the bottom section.
The upper section will always overlap on the climbing
side of the extension ladder.
- Nonslip bases are not intended as a substitute
for care in safely placing, lashing, or holding
a ladder that is being used upon oily, metal,
concrete, or slippery surfaces.
- The bracing on the back legs of step ladders
is designed solely for increasing stability and
not for climbing.
- Hooks may be attached at or near the top of
portable ladders to provide added stability.
- When the ladder can be knocked over by others
who are working in the area, the ladder will be
securely fastened. As an alternative, someone
will be assigned to steady the bottom, or the
area around the ladder will be roped off.
- Workers shall not stand higher that the third
rung/ step from the ladder top and shall not attempt
to reach beyond a normal arm's length.
- Scaffolding and Elevated Platforms
- Only tube and coupler or tubular welded frame
scaffolding shall be used by Hope College personnel.
It shall be erected according to OSHA standards,
as specified in 29 CFR 1910.22, .23, and .28.
- All platforms
or scaffolds shall
be inspected by
the supervisor
before use.
- All
elevated platforms
shall be surrounded
by a standard guardrail, securely fastened
to a stationary object, and have a floor
capable of withstanding
a working load of
75 pounds
per square foot.
- Scaffolds
with wheels constructed
on the
base (bottom) section shall not be used
unless all wheels
are intact and at
least one wheel
on each side is locked to prevent movement.
- The following are
general scaffolding
rules:
- Know scaffolding safety rules prior to set up, during operations,
and for dismantling of scaffolding. Ensure manufacturer's instructions
and safety warnings are legible and remain on scaffolding.
- Inspect the equipment before use for damage or deterioration.
- Keep equipment in good repair.
- Inspect erected scaffolds regularly to ensure they are maintained
in a safe condition.
- Provide adequate sills and posts and use base plates.
- Anchor wall scaffolds securely between structure and scaffold.
- Use caution when working near power lines. Never be any closer
than 10 feet to electrical power lines.
- Use adjusting screws instead of blocking to adjust for uneven
grades. Use outriggers where so equipped.
- Equip all planked areas with proper guard rails and toe-boards.
- Do not ride rolling scaffolding.
- Do not leave materials and equipment on the platform when moving
scaffolding.
- Do not try to move rolling scaffolding without help.
- Do not extend adjusting screws over 12 inches.
- Do not let working platform height exceed four times the smallest
base dimension unless guyed or otherwise stabilized.
- Do not overload scaffold.
- Do not use ladders or makeshift devices on top of scaffolds
to increase height.
- Ensure the footing and anchorage for scaffolds are sound, rigid,
and capable of carrying the maximum intended load without settling
or displacement. Do not use unstable objects such as barrels,
boxes, loose bricks or concrete blocks, etc., to support scaffolds
or planks.
- Rooftop Work
If the rooftop to be worked on is not provided
with an adequate guardrail, the following
procedures shall apply:
No employee shall come within 10 feet of
the roof's edge without wearing a lifebelt
or harness securely attached to a securely
anchored rope or line, with the entire system
being capable of supporting a minimum dead
weight of 5,400 pounds.
No employee shall work on the rooftop if
the windspeed exceeds 20 miles per hour.
- Shoring and Trenching
The walls and faces of excavations and trenches over 5 feet, where workers
may be exposed to danger, shall be guarded by a shoring system, sloping of
the ground, or some other equivalent means. Trenches less than 5 feet deep
with hazardous soil conditions also shall be effectively protected.
The following guidelines are provided:
- Appropriate trench boxes and/or shields may be used in lieu of shoring
or sloping.
- Tools, equipment, an excavated material shall be kept 2 feet or more
from the lip of the trench. Where employees are required to be in or work
in trenches 4 feet deep or more, an adequate means of exit such as ladders
or steps shall be provided within 25 feet of travel and used.
- Daily inspections shall be made of trenches and excavations by the supervisor
in charge to ensure adequate slopes, shoring and bracing, and that there
is no evidence of possible slides or cave-ins. More frequent inspections
may be necessary as work progresses or after inclement weather conditions,
such as rain, or where loose compacted or unstable materials are present.
- Workers shall take extra care when hand excavating in close proximity
to utilities to preclude interruption of services an personnel injury and/or
equipment damage which can result from breaking electrical, gas, and steam
lines.
- Barricades
Whenever a common area is disturbed by maintenance, repair, or construction
operations and presents a hazard to personnel working in or near, or traveling
through the area, care shall be taken to warn these personnel and other engineering
services personnel of the potential hazard. Appropriate barriers shall be erected
around excavations, open manholes, open electrical panels, etc., whenever they
are to be left unattended.
30 Electrical Installations and Equipment
- Hazards
The extreme hazard of electrical equipment
is the potential for personnel electrocution
from contacting energized systems. Electrical
equipment can also cause catastrophic property
damage because of its potential as an ignition
source for causing fire or explosion.
Fire is frequently caused by short circuits,
overheating equipment and failure of current
limiters, thermal sensors, and other safety
devices. Explosions may occur when flammable
liquids, gases, and dusts are exposed to ignition
sources generated by electrical equipment.
-
Requirements
- Electrical installations and utilization equipment
will be in accordance with the current edition
of the National Electrical Code, National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA 70); American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) Standard C1. This
code will also apply to every replacement, installation,
or utilization equipment.
- Equipment or facilities designed, fabricated
for, and intended for use by CDC will be procured
to meet the requirements of the National Electric
Code.
- Frames of all electrical equipment, regardless
of voltage shall be grounded.
- Exposed non-current
carrying metal parts
of electrical equipment
that may be come
energized under abnormal
conditions shall
be grounded in accordance
with the National
Electrical Code.
- Wires
shall
be
covered
wherever
they
are
joined,
such
as:
outlets,
switches,
junction
boxes,
etc.
- Parts
of
electrical
equipment
which
in
ordinary
operation
produce arcs,
sparks,
etc.,
shall
not
be
operated
or
used in
explosive
atmospheres
or
in
close
proximity
to
combustible
materials.
- Equipment
connected
by
flexible
extension cords
shall
be
grounded
either
by
a
3-wire
cord
or by
a
separate
ground
wire
(except double
insulated
equipment).
- Ground
fault
circuit
interrupters (GFCI)
shall
be
used on
all
120-volt,
single-phase, 15-
and
20-ampere
receptacle outlets
at
job
sites when
the
receptacles
are not
a
part
of the
permanent
wiring
of the
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