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Volume 3, No. 1
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Fall, 2002
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From the President:
Returning to graduate school after several decades has been a bit overwhelming. The amount of history written in recent years is staggering. On the one hand there is the kind of work that one sees on the shelves at Barnes and Noble. Popular history is popular indeed. Then there is another kind of work, academic history, the sort of thing one finds in university bookstores and on seminar reading lists. There are two mountains of material produced every year.
People have been writing history for millennia, and there is no end in sight. Since we remain curious about ourselves, we are also interested in whom we once were. Looking backward helps us comprehend where we are now. Since our circumstances change daily, we generate a constantly changing set questions. Since we ask new questions, we look for new answers. And when those answers require us to look backward, we write a new history.
Most of you are familiar with the work of Henry S. Lucas. His Netherlanders in America has been around for fifty years and I suspect most of us have a copy of it with the edges of the pages discolored from frequent use. Lucas described the Dutch component of the American immigration story. He wrote about the immigrant world in which he was raised. Thirty years before, Jacob van Hinte, on the other side of the Atlantic, wondered what had become of the Dutch who had left the mother country during the nineteenth century. Both Lucas and van Hinte studied the same group of people, but they asked different questions and found different answers.
We are still asking different questions, and using different research techniques. We have census records, immigrant letters, community studies, and passenger ship manifests that were not readily available fifty years ago. We are more apt to ask about the environmental impact of settlement than Lucas or van Hinte was. Ethnic dispersal and intermarriage patterns loom as much larger topics for us than they did for them fifty years ago. We look at immigration in a more global context now. Lucas did not include immigrants from Indonesia among the constituents of his Dutch America.
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And so the work continues. There are new areas to research, new methods to employ, new books to write, and papers to deliver. When we meet in Chicago we will examine new versions of the old Dutch neighborhoods that Lucas and van Hinte knew. We will meet at a college they did not know. Because of these changes we will ask questions they could not ask and look for answers they could not give. There will be new things to see in old places and different insights rendered by familiar people. By considering how things once were, we will better understand the way things are today. I hope to see many of you in June.
Robert Schoone-Jongen
University of Delaware
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CALL FOR PAPERS
The next biennial conference of AADAS will be held June 6-7, 2003 at Trinity Christian College in Palos Heights, Illinois. The general conference theme will be “The Dutch Experience in Urban America.” We especially invite paper proposals relating to the Dutch, the people or their institutions, in the Chicagoland area or other urban centers. However, paper proposals on topics relating to the Dutch experience in the broader North American context are also welcome. Please send paper proposals (1 page) to Dr. Don Sinnema, Trinity Christian College, 6601 W. College Dr., Palos Heights, IL, 60463, or e-mail: Don.Sinnema@trnty.edu.
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Special Topics:
Note from the editor: We welcome items of general interest for publication in the newsletter. We are happy to reprint in this issue a family history along with explanatory introduction. The story told in this historical document is a valuable and rare account that deserves a wider readership than heretofore received. It was written and published by son John William Schruers in 1898.
A Bit of Family History
A Short Accound of John Henry Schruers and
Jana Oonk Schruers and their Descendants
A Souvenir of the Schruers Family Reunion
Held at Clymer, N.Y. August 25, 1898
Introduction
by Robert P. Swierenga
Several families from the Province of Gelderland settled in Clymer, New York, in 1844, after being induced while in Albany to buy land from the Holland Land Company, which owned tens of thousands of acres in western New York. By 1845 twenty-five Gelderlanders lived in Clymer and more followed, including the John Henry (Jan Hendrik) Schruers family, who were part of the Afscheiding (Secession) movement of 1834. Jan was a tenant working on the farm “Weerkamp” (address Kotten 38) in the municipality of Winterswijk, the provincial capital, which was a hotbed of emigration fever. Jan joined the exodus in 1846 at age 32 with his wife Jane Gertrude (Janna Geertruid, nee Oonk) and two children (Derk Jan, born April 9, 1841; and Janna Hendrika, born April 8, 1844). Money for the tickets came from a successful timber deal, which in Jan’s words, “had received special providential favor.” The family took passage on the ship Fanie, which departed Amsterdam on October 27, 1846, and arrived in New York on January 7, 1847, after a lengthy voyage of seventy-two days.
Unlike many Seceder immigrants, the Schruers family did not emigrate with a congregational group, who could help meet their extreme poverty. Arriving in New York with only $3 in their pockets, they could not afford to go on their destination at Clymer to join relatives and fellow believers there. First, John worked for a year in a slaughterhouse on Staten Island, then he became a farmhand and eventually a farm tenant in West Milton Township north of Albany.
Finally, in 1855, seven years after arriving in New York, the Schruers family could afford to come to Clymer, where they bought a 60-acre tract of unimproved land, all heavily
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AADAS Officers and Board Members
President...........................................Robert Schoone-Jongen
Vice-President...........................................Hans Krabbendam
Treasurer.........................................................Richard Harms
Executive Secretary...........................Herman J. De Vries, Jr.
Board Members............................Geoffrey Reynolds (2005)
Suzanne Sinke (2005)
Lisa Jaarsma Zylstra (2003)
Huug van den Dool (2003)
Newsletter Editor...............................Herman J. De Vries, Jr.
Newsletter Publication...................................Lori Trethewey
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timbered except for several cleared acres with a small house and barn. In the next years they chopped down the trees and developed a profitable farm, having learned American farming techniques and the English language from their neighbors. This, coupled with their Dutch work ethic and frugality, brought success. Through it all, the Reformed Church in Clymer provided spiritual sustenance to the family.
Preface
In these pages I have tried to give as much of our family story as is obtainable, well knowing that such a printed record will be treasured by each one of our circle, and that to our children it will have, in years to come, that added value and interest which time lends. The narrative is of necessity brief. In the recital I have merely told in my own way such facts of family interest as I have gleaned from Father’s and Mother’s lips, or gathered from others, or know personally. I hope that this little book may serve as an incentive among us to the keeping of complete family records, and that it may some day form the groundwork for a comprehensive genealogy.
Our family lines are widening year by year; new interests and new cares are pressing themselves upon us; but let us not forget, nor let our children forget, the heritage left us by Father and Mother—the example of lives marked by rugged honesty, patience in adversity, and a deep, abiding faith in the Almighty.
John William Schruers
Oil City, Pa., July, 1898.
Memoir
Father, John Henry Schruers, was born in Guelderland [Gelderland] province, Holland, November 27, 1812. He was one of ten children, and was the oldest boy; two sisters were older than he. Through devastating wars Holland was
(Continued on page 5)
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Institutional Spotlights
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New Netherlands Project
In 1974 the New Netherland Project was founded. Its purpose is to translate and edit for publication the archival records of New Netherland, approximately 13,000 pages of hand-written manuscripts. These records constitute a major source for the study of early history of government and culture in the Middle Atlantic and adjacent states, but are in an archaic form of Dutch that is unintelligible to most American researchers. The colony of New Netherland included all or part of the present states of Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. For forty years this was a functioning colony, but until recently all that was taught in our schools of its history was Pieter Minuit’s purchase of Manhattan Island, and Petrus Stuyvesant’s surrender of the colony.
While Dutch records can be found in at least thirty archives and depositories scattered over the USA, but especially in New York state, some 12,000 manuscripts, also referred to as Dutch Colonial Manuscripts, are now preserved in the New York State Archives. These are official papers that were generated by the central administration of New Netherland and comprise the remains of the archives at New Amsterdam. They were surrendered to the English in 1664 and again in 1674, then surrendered by the English to the Americans at the end of the War of Independence. These official papers contain registers of the provincial secretary from 1638-1662, Council minutes from 1638 to 1664, correspondence from 1646 to 1664, laws and ordinances from 1647 to 1664, papers relating to the administration of Curaçao, Bonaire, and Aruba from 1640-1665, and papers for the final administration of New Netherland from 1673 to 1674. Of this material, over half has now been translated, and it is the NNP’s goal to finish the translation and publication in print of the remaining 4,500 manuscripts.
In addition to translations the NNP organizes an annual seminar, provides educational materials, and maintains close relations with universities and archives in the Netherlands to improve historical research of New Netherland.
The NNP is currently supported by the latest of several challenge grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities. The matching funds for these grants have come through the Project’s support group, the Friends of New Netherland (FNN), from numerous individuals, corporations and foundations.
More information about the NNP and the FNN can be found on the web site http://www.nnp.org.
Janny Venema
Project transcriber and researcher
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The Joint Archives of Holland
Hope College
The staff of the Joint Archives of Holland had quite a busy fiscal year ending in June 2002. With a staff of 4 students, 8 volunteers, a remarkable secretary, and an archivist, we were able to add another 370 linear feet of processed collections to our research holdings, as well as answering 1,351 separate research requests. Researchers included local community members, as well as students, faculty, and staff at Hope College.
In addition to helping large numbers of researchers on their individual projects, we were able to complete a few of our own pet projects. One included the production of a new video on the history of Holland, Michigan’s Tulip Time Festival, titled Tulip Time in Holland. After several months of scanning photographs, writing a script, and conducting video interviews with important personalities connected with Holland’s rich ethnic history and Tulip Time, the Joint Archives, in cooperation with David Schock of Hope College’s communication department, debuted the 26-minute video during last spring’s Tulip Time festivities. Since then we have used the video several times during presentations to community and civic groups.
Our latest project, completed for Election Day 2002, is a website detailing the biographies and photographs of all 39 mayors of Holland. It was produced in cooperation with the City of Holland’s “webmaster” Doug Nibbelink over several months and included exhaustive research into each man’s life through resources available at the Joint Archives and beyond.
Lastly, we announce that the Holland Historical Trust (Holland Museum) archival collection will be removed to the new archives nearing completion in the basement of the Holland Museum. There it will be under the direction of Deborah Postema-George, Curator of Archives and Research. She can be reached at 616-394-1362. The collection includes many of the local history resources that have been collected from the community since the Netherlands Museum was founded in 1937, as well those resources collected through the Joint Archives since 1988. The Joint Archives will now consist of the Hope College and Western Theological Seminary archival collections and others that contract for archival processing and storage. We can be reached by phone at 616-395-7798 or via our website at www.jointarchives.org.
Geoffrey Reynolds
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Heritage Hall
Calvin College
We have completed the arrangement of approximately 35 cubic feet of records from various Christian schools in the United States and Canada. Some of these materials are open to research, but other sections, primarily meeting minutes, require the written permission from the individual school board. Among the items that can be used are history booklets, directories, photographs, programs, and personal reminiscences. Manuscript collections processed include: Gysbert Japiks - Christian Frisian Society records, 1933-1989 which detail social and religious events in the Frisian immigrant community in West Michigan; Association for the Advancement of Christian Scholarship records, 1975-1983; and the Christian Association for Psychological Studies, records, 1953-2002. We have also added 15 cubic feet of college records and 12 cubic feet to the seminary archives collection.
In the archives of the Christian Reformed Church we have added approximately 42 cubic feet of synodical committee reports and files dating back to the 1898 committee on baptism. Of course, all of the reports are in the various acts of synods, but these files also contain unpublished supporting documentation. Approximately 35 cubic feet of files from various editors of The Banner, going back to Rev. H.J. Kuiper, have also been opened to research. We are also working to add documents from missionary alliances, unions, youth groups, evangelism efforts, Christian labor organizations, social and athletic groups.
The Historical Committee of the CRCNA will be producing the denomination’s historical directory by year’s end. Included will be a list of all ministers, all congregations (with name variations, and listings of chaplains, Home Missions staff, World Missions staff, Christian Reformed World Relief Committee staff, seminary and college faculties, evangelists, and those in specialized ministries, as well as the various synods.
Again working with Jed Koops and Greg Sennema of the Hekman Library, we are now providing basic biographical information on all past and present Christian Reformed Church ministers. The site can be found at the following URL: http://www.calvin.edu/library/database/crcmd/index.htm. You can also find the site linked from the Archives website at http://www.calvin.edu/hh. Currently we are adding images of each minister to the database (to date about 40 percent of the total 2,743 are in).
Our translators continue with the formidable task of converting early Dutch-language sources into English. Current work focuses on Central Avenue and Pillar Churches in Holland, Michigan, and the church in Luctor, Kansas.
Richard Harms
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Roosevelt Study Center
Middelburg, the Netherlands
From the RSC in the Netherlands, I can report two events that might interest AADAS-members. First we facilitated the publication of a special issue of the Dutch-language quarterly Nehalennia containing four articles and a general overview of emigration from the province of Zeeland in the period 1900-1920. The authors describe the emigration patterns in the four districts: Mid Zeeuws-Vlaanderen, Walcheren, Schouwen-Duiveland and Tholen-St.Philipsland. Detailed research in population records, passenger lists, newspapers and local archives revealed many individual stories of emigrants as well as difficult to find stories of those that returned. Those interested in ordering a copy ($5) may contact me at jl.krabbendam@zeeland.nl.
The second event is a conference connecting the ‘old’ Dutch immigration of the seventeenth century and the ‘new’ of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries at an international conference to be held in the Municipal Archives Amsterdam on 31 January and 1 February 2003: Parallel Cities: Amsterdam-New York 1653-2003. The commemoration of the introduction of a city government in Nieuw-Amsterdam modelled after the ‘old’ Amsterdam on 2 February 1653 is the occasion for this symposion. Thanks to the commercial interests and close ecclesiatical ties the relationship between the two cities remained intact even after Nieuw Amsterdam became New York in 1664.
This special relationship carries on in modern times. New York and Amsterdam are seen as icons of the modern world, in which history shapes identity. Amsterdam and New York derive their identity not only from their own local history, but they are also attuned to each other. Each city pretends to be unique as a warehouse of the world, while they continue influencing and emulating one another.
This conference offers a coherent view of this unique urban connection by presentations on government, city planning, diplomacy, commerce, religion, architecture, art, literature, and tourism in the seventeenth till twentieth centuries. The presenters have a background in (public) history, archival collections, museums, urban planning, and city archeology.
The program is listed on www.roosevelt.nl. All papers will be presented in English.
The conference will be held at the Gemeentearchief Amsterdam. Co-organizers are the Amsterdam Center for the Study of the Golden Age, the Historisch Documentatiecentrum voor het Nederlands Protestantisme at the Vrije Universiteit and the Roosevelt Study Center at Middelburg.
Hans Krabbendam
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A Bit of Family History (continued from page 2)
heavily burdened with taxes, and Father’s parents, always poor, were, like all the rest of the humble class, able to secure only the barest necessities of life for themselves and their children. Father was the only one of the family who ever came to America. About his parents I know definitely very little.
Mother, whose maiden name was Jana Gertrude Oonk, was born in Guelderland province, Holland, November 23, 1813. She was the oldest of four children. The names of her sisters, in the order of age, were Jana Gertrude, Hermina, Mary, and Berdena. Berdena only is now alive, residing in Muscatine, IA. All four sisters came to America, and reared good families. Mother’s father married a second time, after the death of his first wife, and had two other children that I know of—one a boy, after whom I was named. The daughter died in Holland; her four children—I believe that was the number—came to America.
Mother received a good education, and her girlhood was probably pleasanter than was Father’s boyhood; for during her younger years Grandfather Oonk was a well-to-do manufacturer of wagon-wheels. Later in life he became involved financially through signing obligations for friends in whom he placed too much confidence, and lost much property. But to the end of his life he was in comfortable circumstances, and when he died he left a small amount of money, which was divided among his heirs. At the time of his death Mother was in America, and I think she gave her share of this money to less fortunate members of the family still in Holland.
Mother and Father were married Aug. 1, 1840, in Holland. So tax-ridden was the land at that time, and such was the general industrial depression, that it required the hardest labor and most rigid economy for the working class to gain a livelihood. I have often heard Father and Mother tell how the laboring people were obliged to live on sour milk, coarse rye bread, and vegetables, with a small piece of meat once or twice a week, and how oftentimes even this inferior fare was lacking, and children were put to bed hungry. I personally know of parents who placed bands about the stomachs of their children, to prevent them from overeating (!).
It was while such conditions as these prevailed that Father and Mother learned of the greater opportunities and privileges that were to be gained in America; and they began to consider when they might reach this land of promise
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across the sea, where they would be able to overcome poverty, where their children might have advantages that had been denied to themselves. They talked and planned and worked, till finally their hopes were realized, and they were ready to embark for America. In but a small measure can we understand how great were the sacrifices they made; what it meant to them to say good-bye to parents, friends, and native land; to leave forever all the old associations, which they loved despite the hardships they had undergone, and go to a foreign shore, among strange people, who spoke an unfamiliar language. But they had counted the cost and where determined to go. Father had made transaction in timber in which he seemed to have received special providential favor. From this he realized a sum which, added to the little he and Mother had already scraped together, was sufficient to give them passage to the United States.
The farewells were spoken, and they, with the two children then born—John Derk and Jana Gertrude—boarded the sailing vessel that was to bear them across the ocean. Their voyage was attended with none of the comforts and pleasures that mark a trip on the modern quick-sailing passenger-steamships—fitly styled ocean greyhounds. Theirs was a tedious passage, full of discomfort, and even danger; for no steam-engine propelled the ship and set sea-calms at naught, nor had naval architecture yet designed a vessel that might laugh at the tempest.
Their ship left Amsterdam October 27, 1846. It reached New York January 8, 1847—seventy-two days in making a passage that now ordinarily takes about a week. Still , relatively speaking, this was not an unusually long time; I know another family who were on the water one hundred and fifty days making the same trip.
When they at last found themselves at Castle Garden, New York, they had less than three dollars in money, and could not speak or understand one word of English. But the Father of All, in whom they placed implicit faith, watched over and guided them. At this trying time Mother in particular found strength and courage in the divine assurances, “I will never fail thee nor forsake thee,” and “Though thou crosseth through deep waters, they shall not overflow thee.”
When they left their home in Holland it was with the definite design of joining a Dutch settlement in Clymer, Chatauqua county, N.Y., where they might worship God after the manner of their own religious sect; for at Clymer a Dutch Reformed Church had been organized. This purpose they never lost sight of.
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With the aid of an interpreter Father secured some kind of work at low wages. They practiced the strictest economy, and after about a year in New York (or Staten Island) they had saved enough to get them to Albany. Here Father found employment again—this time in a slaughterhouse. Here he worked for a year or more, during which time another baby, Garret William, was born. Next he obtained a place as a farm hand with a man named Elson, in West Milton township, Saratoga county. After a time he rented a farm from Mr. Elson; he was very successful in its management and accumulated a nice sum of money. The people in this section were principally English and Scotch and Father and Mother, through constant association with English-speaking people, soon learned the language of their adopted country. Had there but been here a church of their own faith, they probably would have remained many years longer than they did; for the soil was highly productive and the markets good. Father often spoke of the pecuniary advantages he might have retained by staying here. But they never swerved from their original purpose, and in the spring of 1855—over seven years from the date of their arrival in New York harbor—they made another forward move and reached the Dutch settlement at Clymer, where they were among people of their own nationality and religious belief. Two more boys had been born during the years spent in West Milton Township—John William and John Henry.
At Clymer Father bought a farm of about sixty acres. With the exception of two or three acres, it was covered with heavy timber. A small house and barn were on the farm when he bought it. The work of chopping down the big trees and gathering them into heaps to be burned fell chiefly upon Father, for John Derk was the only one of the children strong enough to be of any assistance. The first years in Clymer were marked by very hard work and extreme frugality. No crops could be raised till the land was cleared; but there were plenty of big maples on the uncleared land, and Father kept a few cows, and for such household supplies as they needed they bartered maple-sugar and butter. Year by year more land was brought under cultivation; markets for their produce opened to them; and as their earnings increased, their straitness lessened.
For many years, Father and Mother received regular correspondence from their old homes. I remember very little of what these letters contained, but I recall that they almost always made Mother cry.
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Three decades have brought many changes:
Nearly all the sixty acres of woodland has been converted into meadows and well-tilled fields. Comfort has supplanted privations.
The children, grown to manhood and womanhood, have left the farmhouse for homes of their own. The old homestead is very quiet; the shouts and merrymaking of young life are gone.
Father and Mother are gray-haired now—”growing old beautifully.” Their hands are ever ready to help us when our paths are rough; we are still their “children”— counseled, comforted, in times of perplexity or trouble. Loving and loved, they near the end of life’s day.
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On December 9, 1878 Father was summoned to the other world, to gain the reward of a blameless life. Mother joined him October 14, 1887.
Family Records
Four sons and one daughter were born to John and Jana Schruers. All are now alive. Below are the family records of each.
John Derk, born April 9, 1841, in Holland. Dec. 29, 1862, married Johanna Piek, who was born in Holland, Dec. 18, 1846. The following children were born to them on the dates given:
Jennie Gertrude, Sept. 14, 1866; Herman Henry, July 28, 1868; John Henry, Aug. 6, 1870; Annie Katherine, Nov. 24, 1872; Minnie Fredrecia, Sept. 7, 1875; Alida, May 18, 1878; Berdena, Dec. 12, 1880; Julia, Jan. 14, 1884; Jay Derk, June 21, 1886; Walter Lucius, May 19, 1889; Eunice Isabel, Feb. 3, 1892.
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Jana Gertrude, born April 8, 1844, in Holland. April 29,1862, married Harry Beckerink, who was born in Wenterswick [Winterswijk], Holland, Aug. 16, 1832. The following children were born to them on the dates given:
Abraham, Oct. 28, 1863; John Henry, Feb. 5, 1866; Mary Frances, Oct. 9, 1867; Jana Katie, April 17, 1869; Fred William, June 7, 1871; Lydia Berdena, Oct. 28, 1873; Sarah Jane, July 20, 1875; Hattie, Aug. 29, 1878; Harrison, Feb. 2, 1881; James, May 18, 1883; Emma, Oct. 24, 1885.
Garret William, born Sept. 15, 1848, at Albany, N.Y. Feb. 8, 1871, married Jane Berdena Haverkamp, who was born at Balston, Saratoga County, N.Y., Aug. 13, 1852. The following children were born to them on the dates given:
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Mary Jane, Aug. 1, 1872; Sarah Jane, May 22, 1874; Emma, Nov. 3, 1876; John William, March 24, 1878; John Albert, Aug. 11, 1880; Amos, June 21, 1882; Reuben, Jan. 9, 1885; Benjamin, December 7, 1890.
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John William, born Oct. 1, 1850, in West Milton Township, Saratoga County, N.Y. Dec. 3, 1874, married Alida Piek, who was born in Clymer Township, Chatauqua County, N.Y., Dec. 5, 1854. The following children were born to them on the dates given:
Fred Miller, July 28, 1879; Alida, Nov. 13, 1881; Ruth Eleanor, Aug. 11, 1883; Raymond Earle, April 30, 1891 Homer, Holland, May 13, 1893; Winifred Gertrude, Feb. 20, 1896. Ruth Eleanor died of diphtheria Oct. 14, 1894, at Oil City, Pa.
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John Henry, born Oct. 23, 1852, in West Milton township, Saratoga County, N.Y. Jan. 17, 1878, married Grada Gertrude Kline Walterink, who was born at Alten, Holland, July 25, 1859. The following children were born to them on the dates given:
Anniversary Year
The year 2002 marks the 50th anniversary of a 1952 Dutch royal visit to the United States, including stops in Western Michigan. Here Queen Juliana (now Princess Juliana and mother of Queen Beatrix) is seen accompanied by then President William Spoelhof of Calvin College as the entourage proceeded toward the entrance of the college's former campus on Franklin Street. As part of her visit the queen officiated the college's inauguration of the honorary Queen Juliana Chair of the Language and Culture of the Netherlands. (Photograph courtesty of Heritage Hall, Calvin College)
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Recent Publications:
Dutch Chicago
A History of the Hollanders in the Windy City
Presently some 250,000 strong, the Dutch in Chicago have lived for 150 years “below the radar screens” of historians and the general public. Now, for the first time, their story is told. Internationally renowned immigration historian Robert Swierenga presents here a colorful, comprehensive history of the Dutch churches, schools, and communities of greater Chicagoland since the 1840s. Featuring 250 photos and illustrations and including detailed appendixes, Swierenga’s Dutch Chicago promises to be a definitive narrative.
Published by Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. www.eerdmans.com
Now available
Hardcover, 857 pages, $49.00
Robert P. Swierenga is professor emeritus of history at Kent State University and A. C. Van Raalte Research Professor of History at Hope College, Holland, Michigan. He is also the former president of AADAS.
Notices
AADAS News is published twice yearly, in Spring and Fall. We welcome items of interest, brief articles on relevant topics, and updates on institutional activities and research. Please contact me at the Department of Germanic Languages, Calvin College, 3201 Burton St., SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, or at hermdevr@calvin.edu.
--Herman De Vries, newsletter editor
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